- 1. Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China;
- 2. Chest Wall Disease Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, West China Tianfu Hospital, Chengdu, 610213, P. R. China;
LIN Feng,
Email: linfeng0220@aliyun.com
The sternoclavicular joint is located at the cervicothoracic junction, where various types of lesions such as trauma, infection, inflammation and tumor can occur. Complex chest wall reconstruction involving the sternoclavicular joint occurs from time to time. Whether and how to reconstruct the sternoclavicular joint is a difficult problem for surgeons. At present, there is no unified standard for sternoclavicular joint resection and reconstruction. There are many materials and methods for sternoclavicular joint reconstruction. With the development of surgical techniques and treatment concepts, we have a new understanding of the anatomy, function, and surgical treatment of the sternoclavicular joint. This article primarily provides an overview of these developments.
Copyright © the editorial department of Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery of West China Medical Publisher. All rights reserved
| 1. | Robinson CM, Jenkins PJ, Markham PE, et al. Disorders of the sternoclavicular joint. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 2008, 90(6): 685-696. |
| 2. | Barbaix E, Lapierre M, Van Roy P, et al. The sternoclavicular joint: Variants of the discus articularis. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 2000, 15 Suppl 1: S3-S7. |
| 3. | Cowan PT, Mudreac A, Varacallo M. Anatomy, Back, Scapula. StatPearls Publishing, 2024. |
| 4. | Inman VT, Saunders JB, Abbott LC. Observations of the function of the shoulder joint. 1944. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1996, 330: 3-12. |
| 5. | 扶青松, 韩欣攸, 王伟斌, 等. 锁骨近端骨折的手术治疗方法及分型探讨. 中国骨伤, 2023, 36(7): 672-675.Fu QS, Han XY, Wang WB, et al. Surgical treatment methods and classification of proximal clavicle fracture. China J Orthop Trauma, 2023, 36(7): 672-675. |
| 6. | Higginbotham TO, Kuhn JE. Atraumatic disorders of the sternoclavicular joint. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 2005, 13(2): 138-145. |
| 7. | Brown L, Tamburini LM. Traumatic sternoclavicular dislocations in athletes: Diagnosis, indications for surgical reconstruction, and guide for return to play. Clin Sports Med, 2023, 42(4): 713-722. |
| 8. | Groh GI, Wirth MA. Management of traumatic sternoclavicular joint injuries. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 2011, 19(1): 1-7. |
| 9. | Kiel J, Ponnarasu S, Kaiser K. Sternoclavicular Joint Injury. StatPearls Publishing, 2024. |
| 10. | Worman LW, Leagus C. Intrathoracic injury following retrosternal dislocation of the clavicle. J Trauma, 1967, 7(3): 416-423. |
| 11. | Jain S, Monbaliu D, Thompson JF. Thoracic outlet syndrome caused by chronic retrosternal dislocation of the clavicle. Successful treatment by transaxillary resection of the first rib. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 2002, 84(1): 116-118. |
| 12. | Gardner MA, Bidstrup BP. Intrathoracic great vessel injury resulting from blunt chest trauma associated with posterior dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint. Aust N Z J Surg, 1983, 53(5): 427-430. |
| 13. | Nakayama E, Tanaka T, Noguchi T, et al. Tracheal stenosis caused by retrosternal dislocation of the right clavicle. Ann Thorac Surg, 2007, 83(2): 685-687. |
| 14. | Ingoe HMA, Mohammed K, Malone AA, et al. Traumatic posterior sternoclavicular joint dislocation: Current aspects of management. Injury, 2023, 54(11): 110983. |
| 15. | Groh GI, Wirth MA, Rockwood CA. Treatment of traumatic posterior sternoclavicular dislocations. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2011, 20(1): 107-113. |
| 16. | Damschen J, Nowak M, Murphy A, et al. Return to sports after closed reduction of acute traumatic posterior sternoclavicular joint dislocations: A systematic review. Am J Sports Med, 2023, 51(11): 3076-3083. |
| 17. | 孙王平, 伍海昭, 张传毅, 等. 急性胸锁关节脱位的治疗进展. 中国现代医生, 2022, 60(34): 120-122.Sun WP, Wu HZ, Zhang CY, et al. Therapeutic progress of acute sternoclavicular joint dislocation. China Modern Doctor, 2022, 60(34): 120-122. |
| 18. | Brinker MR, Bartz RL, Reardon PR, et al. A method for open reduction and internal fixation of the unstable posterior sternoclavicular joint dislocation. J Orthop Trauma, 1997, 11(5): 378-381. |
| 19. | Thut D, Hergan D, Dukas A, et al. Sternoclavicular joint reconstruction: A systematic review. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis, 2011, 69(2): 128-135. |
| 20. | Clark RL, Milgram JW, Yawn DH. Fatal aortic perforation and cardiac tamponade due to a Kirschner wire migrating from the right sternoclavicular joint. South Med J, 1974, 67(3): 316-318. |
| 21. | Smolle-Juettner FM, Hofer PH, Pinter H, et al. Intracardiac malpositioning of a sternoclavicular fixation wire. J Orthop Trauma, 1992, 6(1): 102-105. |
| 22. | Orbay H, Seng S, Kim DW, et al. Increasing incidence of sternoclavicular joint infections in intravenous drug users. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2023, 71(1): 73-75. |
| 23. | Carlos GN, Kesler KA, Coleman JJ, et al. Aggressive surgical management of sternoclavicular joint infections. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1997, 113(2): 242-247. |
| 24. | Pradhan C, Watson NF, Jagasia N, et al. Bilateral sternoclavicular joint septic arthritis secondary to indwelling central venous catheter: a case report. J Med Case Rep, 2008 Apr 29: 2: 131. |
| 25. | Tasnim S, Shirafkan A, Okereke I. Diagnosis and management of sternoclavicular joint infections: A literature review. J Thorac Dis, 2020, 12(8): 4418-4426. |
| 26. | Bar-Natan M, Salai M, Sidi Y, et al. Sternoclavicular infectious arthritis in previously healthy adults. Semin Arthritis Rheum, 2002, 32(3): 189-195. |
| 27. | Muir SK, Kinsella PL, Trebilcock RG, et al. Infectious arthritis of the sternoclavicular joint. Can Med Assoc J, 1985, 132(11): 1289-1290. |
| 28. | Wohlgethan JR, Newberg AH, Reed JI. The risk of abscess from sternoclavicular septic arthritis. J Rheumatol, 1988, 15(8): 1302-1306. |
| 29. | Kachala SS, D'souza DM, Teixeira-Johnson L, et al. Surgical management of sternoclavicular joint infections. Ann Thorac Surg, 2016, 101(6): 2155-2160. |
| 30. | Burkhart HM, Deschamps C, Allen MS, et al. Surgical management of sternoclavicular joint infections. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2003, 125(4): 945-949. |
| 31. | Abu Arab W, Khadragui I, Echavé V, et al. Surgical management of sternoclavicular joint infection. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2011, 40(3): 630-634. |
| 32. | Pothini T, Wilmot CD, Waters JK, et al. Clinical and radiological septic joint analysis of spontaneous sternoclavicular joint infections: Achieving the best outcomes: A systems engineering approach. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2024, 65(4): ezae128. |
| 33. | Kalliomäki JL, Viitanen SM, Virtama P. Radiological findings of sternoclavicular joints in rheumatoid arthritis. Acta Rheumatol Scand, 1968, 14(3): 233-240. |
| 34. | Emery RJ, Ho EK, Leong JC. The shoulder girdle in ankylosing spondylitis. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 1991, 73(10): 1526-1531. |
| 35. | Taccari E, Spadaro A, Riccieri V, et al. Sternoclavicular joint disease in psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis, 1992, 51(3): 372-374. |
| 36. | Chen S, Liu F, Chen J, et al. Clinical image: Tophus in the sternoclavicular joint. Ann Rheum Dis, 2024, 83(9): 1225. |
| 37. | Richman KM, Boutin RD, Vaughan LM, et al. Tophaceous pseudogout of the sternoclavicular joint. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1999, 172(6): 1587-1589. |
| 38. | Pingsmann A, Patsalis T, Michiels I. Resection arthroplasty of the sternoclavicular joint for the treatment of primary degenerative sternoclavicular arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 2002, 84(4): 513-517. |
| 39. | Machol K, Mendoza-Londono R, lee B. Cleidocranial dysplasia spectrum disorder. Seattle: University of Washington, 1993. |
| 40. | Henriques CC, Sousa M, Panarra A, et al. The dark side of SAPHO syndrome. BMJ Case Rep, 2011, 2011: bcr1120115197. |
| 41. | Harden SP, Argent JD, Blaquiere RM. Painful sclerosis of the medial end of the clavicle. Clin Radiol, 2004, 59(11): 992-999. |
| 42. | Greenspan A, Gerscovich E, Szabo RM, et al. Condensing osteitis of the clavicle: A rare but frequently misdiagnosed condition. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1991, 156(5): 1011-1015. |
| 43. | Hesse D, Paull T, Cole PA. Current concepts in sternoclavicular joint injuries. J Orthop Trauma, 2023, 37(10): e410-e415. |
| 44. | Warth RJ, Lee JT, Campbell KJ, et al. Arthroscopic sternoclavicular joint resection arthroplasty: A technical note and illustrated case report. Arthrosc Tech, 2014, 3(1): e165-e173. |
| 45. | Rockwood CA, Groh GI, Wirth MA, et al. Resection arthroplasty of the sternoclavicular joint. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 1997, 79(3): 387-393. |
| 46. | Eskola A, Vainionpää S, Vastamäki M, et al. Operation for old sternoclavicular dislocation. Results in 12 cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 1989, 71(1): 63-65. |
| 47. | Gobbell W, Edwards CM, Engel SR, et al. Atraumatic sternoclavicular joint instability: Prevalence, etiology, and management. Clin Sports Med, 2023, 42(4): 723-737. |
| 48. | Plath JE, Martetschläger F, Moroder P, et al. Instabilities and osteoarthritis of the sternoclavicular joint. Z Orthop Unfall, 2024, 162(4): 360-367. |
| 49. | Spencer EE, Kuhn JE. Biomechanical analysis of reconstructions for sternoclavicular joint instability. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2004, 86(1): 98-105. |
| 50. | Bak K, Fogh K. Reconstruction of the chronic anterior unstable sternoclavicular joint using a tendon autograft: Medium-term to long-term follow-up results. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2014, 23(2): 245-250. |
| 51. | Apostolakos JM, Jildeh TR, Dey Hazra RO, et al. Sternoclavicular joint reconstruction with gracilis tendon autograft. Arthrosc Tech, 2023, 12(8): e1281-e1288. |
| 52. | Sabatini JB, Shung JR, Clay TB, et al. Outcomes of augmented allograft figure-of-eight sternoclavicular joint reconstruction. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2015, 24(6): 902-907. |
| 53. | Quayle JM, Arnander MW, Pennington RG, et al. Artificial ligament reconstruction of sternoclavicular joint instability: Report of a novel surgical technique with early results. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg, 2014, 18(1): 31-35. |
| 54. | Sanchez-Sotelo J, Baghdadi Y, Nguyen NTV. Sternoclavicular joint allograft reconstruction using the sternal docking technique. JSES Open Access, 2018, 2(4): 190-193. |
| 55. | Uri O, Barmpagiannis K, Higgs D, et al. Clinical outcome after reconstruction for sternoclavicular joint instability using a sternocleidomastoid tendon graft. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2014, 96(5): 417-422. |
| 56. | Petri M, Greenspoon JA, Horan MP, et al. Clinical outcomes after autograft reconstruction for sternoclavicular joint instability. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2016, 25(3): 435-441. |
| 57. | Guan JJ, Wolf BR. Reconstruction for anterior sternoclavicular joint dislocation and instability. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2013, 22(6): 775-781. |
| 58. | Willinger L, Schanda J, Herbst E, et al. Outcomes and complications following graft reconstruction for anterior sternoclavicular joint instability. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2016, 24(12): 3863-3869. |
| 59. | Gerrah R. Chest wall reconstruction after sternectomy with preservation of sternoclavicular joint function. JTCVS Tech, 2023, 22: 337-342. |
| 60. | Collaud S, Pfofe D, Decurtins M, et al. Mesh-bone cement sandwich for sternal and sternoclavicular joint reconstruction. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2013, 43(3): 643-645. |
| 61. | Hajjar WM, Alnassar S, Abu-Daff SN, et al. A novel technique for the reconstruction of resected sternoclavicular joints: A case report with a review of the literature. Ann Thorac Med, 2013, 8(1): 60-63. |
| 62. | Bendon CL, Giele HP. Second toe metatarsophalangeal joint transfer for sternoclavicular joint reconstruction. J Hand Surg Am, 2014, 39(7): 1327-1332. |
| 63. | 纪涛, 朱水波, 王莎, 等. 胸骨上段肿瘤切除3D打印假体重建1例报告. 中国矫形外科杂志, 2023, 31(18): 1727-1728.Ji T, Zhu SB, Wang S, et al. A case report of 3D printed prosthesis reconstruction for tumor resection of the upper sternum. Orthop J China, 2023, 31(18): 1727-1728. |
| 64. | 聂志浩, 胡海丰, 刘高利, 等. 3D打印钛板胸骨柄联合自体肌腱移植重建胸骨柄肿瘤切除术后胸壁及胸锁关节1例. 中华解剖与临床杂志, 2022, 27(11): 797-798.Nie ZH, Hu HF, Liu GL, et al. Reconstruction of chest wall and sternoclavicular joint by individualized 3D printing titanium plate combined with autologous tendon after resection of manubrium sterni tumor: a case report. Chin J Anat Clin, 2022, 27(11): 797-798. |
| 65. | Wang B, Song M, Tang J, et al. Sternoclavicular joint and sternal reconstruction with 3-dimensional carbon-fiber prosthesis. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2020, Spring,32(1): 171-173. |
| 66. | Liu Y, Huang XY, Feng WY, et al. Analysis of the clinical efficacy of tumor resection methods used in 20 patients with clavicular tumor. World J Surg Oncol, 2019, 17(1): 106. |
| 67. | Chen Y, Yu X, Huang W, et al. Is clavicular reconstruction imperative for total and subtotal claviculectomy? A systematic review. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2018, 27(5): e141-e148. |
| 68. | Li Y, Gao E, Yang Y, et al. Is arthroplasty necessary after sternoclavicular tumor resection? J Thorac Dis, 2019, 11(7): 3171-3174. |
| 69. | 宋尚岐, 沈诚, 胡杨. 胸锁关节重建在胸骨柄受侵纵隔肿瘤外科治疗的意义. 临床外科杂志, 2023, 31(7): 604-607.Song SQ, Shen C, Hu Y. The significance of sternoclavicular joint reconstruction in the surgical treatment of mediastinal tumors with sternal stem invasion. J Clin Surg, 2023, 31(7): 604-607. |
- 1. Robinson CM, Jenkins PJ, Markham PE, et al. Disorders of the sternoclavicular joint. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 2008, 90(6): 685-696.
- 2. Barbaix E, Lapierre M, Van Roy P, et al. The sternoclavicular joint: Variants of the discus articularis. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 2000, 15 Suppl 1: S3-S7.
- 3. Cowan PT, Mudreac A, Varacallo M. Anatomy, Back, Scapula. StatPearls Publishing, 2024.
- 4. Inman VT, Saunders JB, Abbott LC. Observations of the function of the shoulder joint. 1944. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1996, 330: 3-12.
- 5. 扶青松, 韩欣攸, 王伟斌, 等. 锁骨近端骨折的手术治疗方法及分型探讨. 中国骨伤, 2023, 36(7): 672-675.Fu QS, Han XY, Wang WB, et al. Surgical treatment methods and classification of proximal clavicle fracture. China J Orthop Trauma, 2023, 36(7): 672-675.
- 6. Higginbotham TO, Kuhn JE. Atraumatic disorders of the sternoclavicular joint. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 2005, 13(2): 138-145.
- 7. Brown L, Tamburini LM. Traumatic sternoclavicular dislocations in athletes: Diagnosis, indications for surgical reconstruction, and guide for return to play. Clin Sports Med, 2023, 42(4): 713-722.
- 8. Groh GI, Wirth MA. Management of traumatic sternoclavicular joint injuries. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 2011, 19(1): 1-7.
- 9. Kiel J, Ponnarasu S, Kaiser K. Sternoclavicular Joint Injury. StatPearls Publishing, 2024.
- 10. Worman LW, Leagus C. Intrathoracic injury following retrosternal dislocation of the clavicle. J Trauma, 1967, 7(3): 416-423.
- 11. Jain S, Monbaliu D, Thompson JF. Thoracic outlet syndrome caused by chronic retrosternal dislocation of the clavicle. Successful treatment by transaxillary resection of the first rib. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 2002, 84(1): 116-118.
- 12. Gardner MA, Bidstrup BP. Intrathoracic great vessel injury resulting from blunt chest trauma associated with posterior dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint. Aust N Z J Surg, 1983, 53(5): 427-430.
- 13. Nakayama E, Tanaka T, Noguchi T, et al. Tracheal stenosis caused by retrosternal dislocation of the right clavicle. Ann Thorac Surg, 2007, 83(2): 685-687.
- 14. Ingoe HMA, Mohammed K, Malone AA, et al. Traumatic posterior sternoclavicular joint dislocation: Current aspects of management. Injury, 2023, 54(11): 110983.
- 15. Groh GI, Wirth MA, Rockwood CA. Treatment of traumatic posterior sternoclavicular dislocations. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2011, 20(1): 107-113.
- 16. Damschen J, Nowak M, Murphy A, et al. Return to sports after closed reduction of acute traumatic posterior sternoclavicular joint dislocations: A systematic review. Am J Sports Med, 2023, 51(11): 3076-3083.
- 17. 孙王平, 伍海昭, 张传毅, 等. 急性胸锁关节脱位的治疗进展. 中国现代医生, 2022, 60(34): 120-122.Sun WP, Wu HZ, Zhang CY, et al. Therapeutic progress of acute sternoclavicular joint dislocation. China Modern Doctor, 2022, 60(34): 120-122.
- 18. Brinker MR, Bartz RL, Reardon PR, et al. A method for open reduction and internal fixation of the unstable posterior sternoclavicular joint dislocation. J Orthop Trauma, 1997, 11(5): 378-381.
- 19. Thut D, Hergan D, Dukas A, et al. Sternoclavicular joint reconstruction: A systematic review. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis, 2011, 69(2): 128-135.
- 20. Clark RL, Milgram JW, Yawn DH. Fatal aortic perforation and cardiac tamponade due to a Kirschner wire migrating from the right sternoclavicular joint. South Med J, 1974, 67(3): 316-318.
- 21. Smolle-Juettner FM, Hofer PH, Pinter H, et al. Intracardiac malpositioning of a sternoclavicular fixation wire. J Orthop Trauma, 1992, 6(1): 102-105.
- 22. Orbay H, Seng S, Kim DW, et al. Increasing incidence of sternoclavicular joint infections in intravenous drug users. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2023, 71(1): 73-75.
- 23. Carlos GN, Kesler KA, Coleman JJ, et al. Aggressive surgical management of sternoclavicular joint infections. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1997, 113(2): 242-247.
- 24. Pradhan C, Watson NF, Jagasia N, et al. Bilateral sternoclavicular joint septic arthritis secondary to indwelling central venous catheter: a case report. J Med Case Rep, 2008 Apr 29: 2: 131.
- 25. Tasnim S, Shirafkan A, Okereke I. Diagnosis and management of sternoclavicular joint infections: A literature review. J Thorac Dis, 2020, 12(8): 4418-4426.
- 26. Bar-Natan M, Salai M, Sidi Y, et al. Sternoclavicular infectious arthritis in previously healthy adults. Semin Arthritis Rheum, 2002, 32(3): 189-195.
- 27. Muir SK, Kinsella PL, Trebilcock RG, et al. Infectious arthritis of the sternoclavicular joint. Can Med Assoc J, 1985, 132(11): 1289-1290.
- 28. Wohlgethan JR, Newberg AH, Reed JI. The risk of abscess from sternoclavicular septic arthritis. J Rheumatol, 1988, 15(8): 1302-1306.
- 29. Kachala SS, D'souza DM, Teixeira-Johnson L, et al. Surgical management of sternoclavicular joint infections. Ann Thorac Surg, 2016, 101(6): 2155-2160.
- 30. Burkhart HM, Deschamps C, Allen MS, et al. Surgical management of sternoclavicular joint infections. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2003, 125(4): 945-949.
- 31. Abu Arab W, Khadragui I, Echavé V, et al. Surgical management of sternoclavicular joint infection. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2011, 40(3): 630-634.
- 32. Pothini T, Wilmot CD, Waters JK, et al. Clinical and radiological septic joint analysis of spontaneous sternoclavicular joint infections: Achieving the best outcomes: A systems engineering approach. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2024, 65(4): ezae128.
- 33. Kalliomäki JL, Viitanen SM, Virtama P. Radiological findings of sternoclavicular joints in rheumatoid arthritis. Acta Rheumatol Scand, 1968, 14(3): 233-240.
- 34. Emery RJ, Ho EK, Leong JC. The shoulder girdle in ankylosing spondylitis. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 1991, 73(10): 1526-1531.
- 35. Taccari E, Spadaro A, Riccieri V, et al. Sternoclavicular joint disease in psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis, 1992, 51(3): 372-374.
- 36. Chen S, Liu F, Chen J, et al. Clinical image: Tophus in the sternoclavicular joint. Ann Rheum Dis, 2024, 83(9): 1225.
- 37. Richman KM, Boutin RD, Vaughan LM, et al. Tophaceous pseudogout of the sternoclavicular joint. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1999, 172(6): 1587-1589.
- 38. Pingsmann A, Patsalis T, Michiels I. Resection arthroplasty of the sternoclavicular joint for the treatment of primary degenerative sternoclavicular arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 2002, 84(4): 513-517.
- 39. Machol K, Mendoza-Londono R, lee B. Cleidocranial dysplasia spectrum disorder. Seattle: University of Washington, 1993.
- 40. Henriques CC, Sousa M, Panarra A, et al. The dark side of SAPHO syndrome. BMJ Case Rep, 2011, 2011: bcr1120115197.
- 41. Harden SP, Argent JD, Blaquiere RM. Painful sclerosis of the medial end of the clavicle. Clin Radiol, 2004, 59(11): 992-999.
- 42. Greenspan A, Gerscovich E, Szabo RM, et al. Condensing osteitis of the clavicle: A rare but frequently misdiagnosed condition. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1991, 156(5): 1011-1015.
- 43. Hesse D, Paull T, Cole PA. Current concepts in sternoclavicular joint injuries. J Orthop Trauma, 2023, 37(10): e410-e415.
- 44. Warth RJ, Lee JT, Campbell KJ, et al. Arthroscopic sternoclavicular joint resection arthroplasty: A technical note and illustrated case report. Arthrosc Tech, 2014, 3(1): e165-e173.
- 45. Rockwood CA, Groh GI, Wirth MA, et al. Resection arthroplasty of the sternoclavicular joint. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 1997, 79(3): 387-393.
- 46. Eskola A, Vainionpää S, Vastamäki M, et al. Operation for old sternoclavicular dislocation. Results in 12 cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 1989, 71(1): 63-65.
- 47. Gobbell W, Edwards CM, Engel SR, et al. Atraumatic sternoclavicular joint instability: Prevalence, etiology, and management. Clin Sports Med, 2023, 42(4): 723-737.
- 48. Plath JE, Martetschläger F, Moroder P, et al. Instabilities and osteoarthritis of the sternoclavicular joint. Z Orthop Unfall, 2024, 162(4): 360-367.
- 49. Spencer EE, Kuhn JE. Biomechanical analysis of reconstructions for sternoclavicular joint instability. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2004, 86(1): 98-105.
- 50. Bak K, Fogh K. Reconstruction of the chronic anterior unstable sternoclavicular joint using a tendon autograft: Medium-term to long-term follow-up results. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2014, 23(2): 245-250.
- 51. Apostolakos JM, Jildeh TR, Dey Hazra RO, et al. Sternoclavicular joint reconstruction with gracilis tendon autograft. Arthrosc Tech, 2023, 12(8): e1281-e1288.
- 52. Sabatini JB, Shung JR, Clay TB, et al. Outcomes of augmented allograft figure-of-eight sternoclavicular joint reconstruction. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2015, 24(6): 902-907.
- 53. Quayle JM, Arnander MW, Pennington RG, et al. Artificial ligament reconstruction of sternoclavicular joint instability: Report of a novel surgical technique with early results. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg, 2014, 18(1): 31-35.
- 54. Sanchez-Sotelo J, Baghdadi Y, Nguyen NTV. Sternoclavicular joint allograft reconstruction using the sternal docking technique. JSES Open Access, 2018, 2(4): 190-193.
- 55. Uri O, Barmpagiannis K, Higgs D, et al. Clinical outcome after reconstruction for sternoclavicular joint instability using a sternocleidomastoid tendon graft. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2014, 96(5): 417-422.
- 56. Petri M, Greenspoon JA, Horan MP, et al. Clinical outcomes after autograft reconstruction for sternoclavicular joint instability. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2016, 25(3): 435-441.
- 57. Guan JJ, Wolf BR. Reconstruction for anterior sternoclavicular joint dislocation and instability. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2013, 22(6): 775-781.
- 58. Willinger L, Schanda J, Herbst E, et al. Outcomes and complications following graft reconstruction for anterior sternoclavicular joint instability. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2016, 24(12): 3863-3869.
- 59. Gerrah R. Chest wall reconstruction after sternectomy with preservation of sternoclavicular joint function. JTCVS Tech, 2023, 22: 337-342.
- 60. Collaud S, Pfofe D, Decurtins M, et al. Mesh-bone cement sandwich for sternal and sternoclavicular joint reconstruction. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2013, 43(3): 643-645.
- 61. Hajjar WM, Alnassar S, Abu-Daff SN, et al. A novel technique for the reconstruction of resected sternoclavicular joints: A case report with a review of the literature. Ann Thorac Med, 2013, 8(1): 60-63.
- 62. Bendon CL, Giele HP. Second toe metatarsophalangeal joint transfer for sternoclavicular joint reconstruction. J Hand Surg Am, 2014, 39(7): 1327-1332.
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