Global and Chinese obesity epidemiology: current status and trends_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

 WANG Bing

Clinical Medical College of Southwest Jiaotong University; Department of General Surgery-Center for Obesity and Metabolic Diseases, Chengdu Third People’s Hospital, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

WANG Bing, Email: wangbing@swjtu.edu.cn

Keywords：

obesity; overweight; epidemiology; prevalence; trend

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.202505133

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objective To review the current epidemiological status and trends of overweight and obesity globally and in China, and to analyze its hazards, causes, and prevention strategies. Methods Recent global and Chinese studies and reports on obesity epidemiology were retrieved. Data from the latest World Obesity Federation’s reports and authoritative national statistics were comprehensively analyzed. Results The prevalence of overweight and obesity was rising worldwide. About 43% of adults were overweight and 16% of adults were obese globally. There were an estimated 2.5 billion adults with overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m²), including 0.89 billion with obesity (BMI≥30 kg/m²). The overweight rate in youth aged 5–19 increased from 8% in 1990 to 20% in 2022. In China, over half of adults were overweight or obese, totaling over 402 million and ranking first in the world; the overweight/obesity rate in children and adolescents approached 20%. Gaps between urban and rural obesity had narrowed in China, and males and northern regions had higher rates than females and southern regions. Obesity greatly increased the risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and other chronic diseases. Conclusions Both globally and in China, obesity has become a serious epidemic challenge. Strengthened prevention and control strategies are urgently needed, including comprehensive treatment based on healthy lifestyle intervention, drugs, endoscopy, weight loss surgery, etc, adoption of new weight management therapies and supportive policies are also needed. Special attention should be paid to preventing childhood obesity to curb the rising trend and reduce the associated health burden.

1.	GBD 2021 Adult BMI Collaborators. Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity, 1990-2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet, 2025, 405(10481): 813-838.
2.	Pan XF, Wang L, Pan A. Epidemiology and determinants of obesity in China. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2021, 9(6): 373-392.
3.	国家卫生健康委员会肥胖症诊疗指南编写委员会. 肥胖症诊疗指南 (2024年版). 中国循环杂志, 2025, 40(1): 6-30.
4.	国家卫生健康委员会. 中国学龄儿童青少年超重与肥胖筛查标准 (WS/T 586-2018). 2018.
5.	Ma S, Xi B, Yang L, et al. Trends in the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity among Chinese adults between 1993 and 2015. Int J Obes (Lond), 2021, 45(2): 427-437.
6.	Popkin BM, Corvalan C, Grummer-Strawn LM. Dynamics of the double burden of malnutrition and the changing nutrition reality. Lancet, 2020, 395(10217): 65-74.
7.	Nagi MA, Ahmed H, Rezq MAA, et al. Economic costs of obesity: a systematic review. Int J Obes (Lond), 2024, 48(1): 33-43.
8.	Wells JC, Sawaya AL, Wibaek R, et al. The double burden of malnutrition: aetiological pathways and consequences for health. Lancet, 2020, 395(10217): 75-88.
9.	Nel JH, Steyn NP. The nutrition transition and the double burden of malnutrition in sub-saharan African countries: how do these countries compare with the recommended LANCET COMMISSION Global Diet? Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2022, 19(24): 16791. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192416791.
10.	Silva LESD, Oliveira MM, Stopa SR, et al. Temporal trend of overweight and obesity prevalence among Brazilian adults, according to sociodemographic characteristics, 2006-2019. Epidemiol Serv Saude, 2021, 30(1): e2020294. doi: 10.1590/S1679-49742021000100008.
11.	Ward ZJ, Bleich SN, Cradock AL, et al. Projected U. S. State-level prevalence of adult obesity and severe obesity. N Engl J Med, 2019, 381(25): 2440-2450.
12.	Zhang J, Wang H, Wang Z, et al. Prevalence and stabilizing trends in overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in China, 2011-2015. BMC Public Health, 2018, 18(1): 571. doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-5483-9.
13.	Yu D, Zhao L, Zhang J, et al. China nutrition and health surveys (1982-2017). China CDC Wkly, 2021, 3(9): 193-195.
14.	Chen K, Shen Z, Gu W, et al. Prevalence of obesity and associated complications in China: a cross-sectional, real-world study in 15. 8 million adults. Diabetes Obes Metab, 2023, 25(11): 3390-3399.
15.	Emmerich SD, Fryar CD, Stierman B, et al. Trends in obesity-related measures among US children, adolescents, and adults. JAMA, 2025, 333(12): 1082-1084.
16.	Dong Y, Yuan C, Dang J, et al. Control of childhood obesity and implications for policy in China. Lancet Public Health, 2024, 9(12): e1125-e1135.
17.	Hall JE, do Carmo JM, da Silva AA, et al. Obesity, kidney dysfunction and hypertension: mechanistic links. Nat Rev Nephrol, 2019, 15(6): 367-385.
18.	Li Y, Teng D, Shi X, et al. Prevalence of diabetes recorded in mainland China using 2018 diagnostic criteria from the American Diabetes Association: national cross sectional study. BMJ, 2020, 369: m997. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m997.
19.	Amini-Salehi E, Letafatkar N, Norouzi N, et al. Global prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: an updated review meta-analysis comprising a population of 78 million from 38 countries. Arch Med Res, 2024, 55(6): 103043. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2024.103043.
20.	Lyons MM, Bhatt NY, Pack AI, et al. Global burden of sleep-disordered breathing and its implications. Respirology, 2020, 25(7): 690-702.
21.	Sampath SJP, Venkatesan V, Ghosh S, et al. Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and osteoarthritis-an updated review. Curr Obes Rep, 2023, 12(3): 308-331.
22.	Zhu S, Li Z, Hu C, et al. Imaging-based body fat distribution in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2021, 12: 697223. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.697223.
23.	Lauby-Secretan B, Scoccianti C, Loomis D, et al. Body fatness and cancer–viewpoint of the IARC Working Group. N Engl J Med, 2016, 375(8): 794-798.
24.	Hampl SE, Hassink SG, Skinner AC, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity. Pediatrics, 2023, 151(2): e2022060640. doi: 10.1542/peds.2022-060640.
25.	Chen X, Zhang L, Chen W. Global, regional, and national burdens of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus in adolescents from 1990 to 2021, with forecasts to 2030: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021. BMC Med, 2025, 23(1): 48. doi: 10.1186/s12916-025-03890-w.
26.	Yang J, Kuang Y, Yang X, et al. The impact of age-specific childhood body-mass index on adult cardiometabolic traits: a Mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2024, 14: 1159547. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1159547.
27.	Wang C, Murley WD, Panda S, et al. Assessing weight stigma interventions: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Curr Obes Rep, 2025, 14(1): 35. Curr Obes Rep, 2025, 14(1): 35.
28.	Powell-Wiley TM, Poirier P, Burke LE, et al. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 2021, 143(21): e984-e1010.
29.	Seyedhoseinpour A, Barzin M, Mahdavi M, et al. Association between BMI trajectories from childhood to early adulthood and the carotid intima-media thickness in early adulthood: Tehran lipid and glucose study. BMC Public Health, 2023, 23(1): 2233. doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-17184-4.
30.	Bidstrup H, Brennan L, Kaufmann L, et al. Internalised weight stigma as a mediator of the relationship between experienced/perceived weight stigma and biopsychosocial outcomes: a systematic review. Int J Obes (Lond), 2022, 46(1): 1-9.
31.	Okunogbe A, Nugent R, Spencer G, et al. Economic impacts of overweight and obesity: current and future estimates for 161 countries. BMJ Glob Health, 2022, 7(9): e009773. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009773.
32.	Nguyen M, Jarvis SE, Tinajero MG, et al. Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and weight gain in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr, 2023, 117(1): 160-174.
33.	Kristoffersen E, Hjort SL, Thomassen LM, et al. Umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the consumption of different food groups and the risk of overweight and obesity. Nutrients, 2025, 17(4): 662. doi: 10.3390/nu17040662.
34.	Zhao Z, Zhen S, Yan Y, et al. Association of dietary patterns with general and central obesity among Chinese adults: a longitudinal population-based study. BMC Public Health, 2023, 23(1): 1588. doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-16556-0.
35.	Lundh H, Arvidsson D, Greven C, et al. Physical activity and sedentary behaviour amongst children with obesity - exploring cross-sectional associations between child and parent. J Act Sedentary Sleep Behav, 2025, 4(1): 2. doi: 10.1186/s44167-025-00072-0.
36.	Guthold R, Stevens GA, Riley LM, et al. Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1·6 million participants. Lancet Child Adolesc Health, 2020, 4(1): 23-35.
37.	Hall KD, Farooqi IS, Friedman JM, et al. The energy balance model of obesity: beyond calories in, calories out. Am J Clin Nutr, 2022, 115(5): 1243-1254.
38.	Xi Y, Gao W, Zheng K, et al. The roles of genetic and early-life environmental factors in the association between overweight or obesity and hypertension: a population-based Twin study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2021, 12: 743962. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.743962.
39.	Mahmoud R, Kimonis V, Butler MG. Genetics of obesity in humans: a clinical review. Int J Mol Sci, 2022, 23(19): 11005.
40.	Scheidl TB, Brightwell AL, Easson SH, et al. Maternal obesity and programming of metabolic syndrome in the offspring: searching for mechanisms in the adipocyte progenitor pool. BMC Med, 2023, 21(1): 50. doi: 10.1186/s12916-023-02730-z.
41.	Kittisakmontri K, Fewtrell M. Impact of complementary feeding on obesity risk. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 2023, 26(3): 266-272.
42.	Kuckuck S, van der Valk ES, Lengton R, et al. Long-term hair cortisone and perceived stress are associated with long-term hedonic eating tendencies in patients with obesity. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2025, 171: 107224. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107224.
43.	Smith J, Ang XQ, Giles EL, et al. Emotional eating interventions for adults living with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2023, 20(3): 2722. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20032722.
44.	Deng X, He M, He D, et al. Sleep duration and obesity in children and adolescents: evidence from an updated and dose-response meta-analysis. Sleep Med, 2021, 78: 169-181.
45.	Swinburn BA, Kraak VI, Allender S, et al. The global syndemic of obesity, undernutrition, and climate change: the Lancet Commission report. Lancet, 2019, 393(10173): 791-846.
46.	Selvakumaran S, Lin CY, Hadgraft N, et al. Area-level socioeconomic inequalities in overweight and obesity: systematic review on moderation by built-environment attributes. Health Place, 2023m 83: 103101.
47.	Yang Y, Kelifa MO, Yu B, et al. Gender-specific temporal trends in overweight prevalence among Chinese adults: a hierarchical age-period-cohort analysis from 2008 to 2015. Glob Health Res Policy, 2020, 5: 42. doi: 10.1186/s41256-020-00169-w.
48.	AlKalbani SR, Murrin C. The association between alcohol intake and obesity in a sample of the Irish adult population, a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 2023, 23(1): 2075. doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-16946-4.
49.	Gan Q, Xu P, Yang T, et al. Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption status and its association with childhood obesity among Chinese children aged 6-17 years. Nutrients, 2021, 13(7): 2211. doi: 10.3390/nu13072211.
50.	Peng S, Fang Y, Othman AT, et al. Meta-analysis and systematic review of physical activity on neurodevelopment disorders, depression, and obesity among children and adolescents. Front Psychol, 2022, 13: 940977. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.940977.
51.	Guo Y, Miller MA, Cappuccio FP. Short duration of sleep and incidence of overweight or obesity in Chinese children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, 2021, 31(2): 363-371.
52.	中国营养学会. 中国居民膳食指南 (2022). 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2022: 11-12.
53.	Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Obesity Society. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2014, 63(25 Pt B): 2985-3023.
54.	Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, et al. Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity. N Engl J Med, 2021, 384(11): 989-1002.
55.	Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity. N Engl J Med, 2022, 387(3): 205-216.
56.	Couzin-Frankel J. Obesity meets its match. Science, 2023, 382(6676): 1226-1227.
57.	刘雁军. 减重代谢手术在肥胖症综合治疗中的应用. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2023, 30(3): 260-263.
58.	Mingrone G, Panunzi S, De Gaetano A, et al. Metabolic surgery versus conventional medical therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: 10-year follow-up of an open-label, single-centre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2021, 397(10271): 293-304.
59.	王存川, 朱晒红, 夏泽锋, 等. 肥胖代谢外科医学科普中国专家共识 (2024版). 中华消化外科杂志, 2024, 23(12): 1471-1478.

1. GBD 2021 Adult BMI Collaborators. Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity, 1990-2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet, 2025, 405(10481): 813-838.
2. Pan XF, Wang L, Pan A. Epidemiology and determinants of obesity in China. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2021, 9(6): 373-392.
3. 国家卫生健康委员会肥胖症诊疗指南编写委员会. 肥胖症诊疗指南 (2024年版). 中国循环杂志, 2025, 40(1): 6-30.
4. 国家卫生健康委员会. 中国学龄儿童青少年超重与肥胖筛查标准 (WS/T 586-2018). 2018.
5. Ma S, Xi B, Yang L, et al. Trends in the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity among Chinese adults between 1993 and 2015. Int J Obes (Lond), 2021, 45(2): 427-437.
6. Popkin BM, Corvalan C, Grummer-Strawn LM. Dynamics of the double burden of malnutrition and the changing nutrition reality. Lancet, 2020, 395(10217): 65-74.
7. Nagi MA, Ahmed H, Rezq MAA, et al. Economic costs of obesity: a systematic review. Int J Obes (Lond), 2024, 48(1): 33-43.
8. Wells JC, Sawaya AL, Wibaek R, et al. The double burden of malnutrition: aetiological pathways and consequences for health. Lancet, 2020, 395(10217): 75-88.
9. Nel JH, Steyn NP. The nutrition transition and the double burden of malnutrition in sub-saharan African countries: how do these countries compare with the recommended LANCET COMMISSION Global Diet? Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2022, 19(24): 16791. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192416791.
10. Silva LESD, Oliveira MM, Stopa SR, et al. Temporal trend of overweight and obesity prevalence among Brazilian adults, according to sociodemographic characteristics, 2006-2019. Epidemiol Serv Saude, 2021, 30(1): e2020294. doi: 10.1590/S1679-49742021000100008.
11. Ward ZJ, Bleich SN, Cradock AL, et al. Projected U. S. State-level prevalence of adult obesity and severe obesity. N Engl J Med, 2019, 381(25): 2440-2450.
12. Zhang J, Wang H, Wang Z, et al. Prevalence and stabilizing trends in overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in China, 2011-2015. BMC Public Health, 2018, 18(1): 571. doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-5483-9.
13. Yu D, Zhao L, Zhang J, et al. China nutrition and health surveys (1982-2017). China CDC Wkly, 2021, 3(9): 193-195.
14. Chen K, Shen Z, Gu W, et al. Prevalence of obesity and associated complications in China: a cross-sectional, real-world study in 15. 8 million adults. Diabetes Obes Metab, 2023, 25(11): 3390-3399.
15. Emmerich SD, Fryar CD, Stierman B, et al. Trends in obesity-related measures among US children, adolescents, and adults. JAMA, 2025, 333(12): 1082-1084.
16. Dong Y, Yuan C, Dang J, et al. Control of childhood obesity and implications for policy in China. Lancet Public Health, 2024, 9(12): e1125-e1135.
17. Hall JE, do Carmo JM, da Silva AA, et al. Obesity, kidney dysfunction and hypertension: mechanistic links. Nat Rev Nephrol, 2019, 15(6): 367-385.
18. Li Y, Teng D, Shi X, et al. Prevalence of diabetes recorded in mainland China using 2018 diagnostic criteria from the American Diabetes Association: national cross sectional study. BMJ, 2020, 369: m997. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m997.
19. Amini-Salehi E, Letafatkar N, Norouzi N, et al. Global prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: an updated review meta-analysis comprising a population of 78 million from 38 countries. Arch Med Res, 2024, 55(6): 103043. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2024.103043.
20. Lyons MM, Bhatt NY, Pack AI, et al. Global burden of sleep-disordered breathing and its implications. Respirology, 2020, 25(7): 690-702.
21. Sampath SJP, Venkatesan V, Ghosh S, et al. Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and osteoarthritis-an updated review. Curr Obes Rep, 2023, 12(3): 308-331.
22. Zhu S, Li Z, Hu C, et al. Imaging-based body fat distribution in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2021, 12: 697223. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.697223.
23. Lauby-Secretan B, Scoccianti C, Loomis D, et al. Body fatness and cancer–viewpoint of the IARC Working Group. N Engl J Med, 2016, 375(8): 794-798.
24. Hampl SE, Hassink SG, Skinner AC, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity. Pediatrics, 2023, 151(2): e2022060640. doi: 10.1542/peds.2022-060640.
25. Chen X, Zhang L, Chen W. Global, regional, and national burdens of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus in adolescents from 1990 to 2021, with forecasts to 2030: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021. BMC Med, 2025, 23(1): 48. doi: 10.1186/s12916-025-03890-w.
26. Yang J, Kuang Y, Yang X, et al. The impact of age-specific childhood body-mass index on adult cardiometabolic traits: a Mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2024, 14: 1159547. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1159547.
27. Wang C, Murley WD, Panda S, et al. Assessing weight stigma interventions: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Curr Obes Rep, 2025, 14(1): 35. Curr Obes Rep, 2025, 14(1): 35.
28. Powell-Wiley TM, Poirier P, Burke LE, et al. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 2021, 143(21): e984-e1010.
29. Seyedhoseinpour A, Barzin M, Mahdavi M, et al. Association between BMI trajectories from childhood to early adulthood and the carotid intima-media thickness in early adulthood: Tehran lipid and glucose study. BMC Public Health, 2023, 23(1): 2233. doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-17184-4.
30. Bidstrup H, Brennan L, Kaufmann L, et al. Internalised weight stigma as a mediator of the relationship between experienced/perceived weight stigma and biopsychosocial outcomes: a systematic review. Int J Obes (Lond), 2022, 46(1): 1-9.
31. Okunogbe A, Nugent R, Spencer G, et al. Economic impacts of overweight and obesity: current and future estimates for 161 countries. BMJ Glob Health, 2022, 7(9): e009773. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009773.
32. Nguyen M, Jarvis SE, Tinajero MG, et al. Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and weight gain in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr, 2023, 117(1): 160-174.
33. Kristoffersen E, Hjort SL, Thomassen LM, et al. Umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the consumption of different food groups and the risk of overweight and obesity. Nutrients, 2025, 17(4): 662. doi: 10.3390/nu17040662.
34. Zhao Z, Zhen S, Yan Y, et al. Association of dietary patterns with general and central obesity among Chinese adults: a longitudinal population-based study. BMC Public Health, 2023, 23(1): 1588. doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-16556-0.
35. Lundh H, Arvidsson D, Greven C, et al. Physical activity and sedentary behaviour amongst children with obesity - exploring cross-sectional associations between child and parent. J Act Sedentary Sleep Behav, 2025, 4(1): 2. doi: 10.1186/s44167-025-00072-0.
36. Guthold R, Stevens GA, Riley LM, et al. Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1·6 million participants. Lancet Child Adolesc Health, 2020, 4(1): 23-35.
37. Hall KD, Farooqi IS, Friedman JM, et al. The energy balance model of obesity: beyond calories in, calories out. Am J Clin Nutr, 2022, 115(5): 1243-1254.
38. Xi Y, Gao W, Zheng K, et al. The roles of genetic and early-life environmental factors in the association between overweight or obesity and hypertension: a population-based Twin study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2021, 12: 743962. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.743962.
39. Mahmoud R, Kimonis V, Butler MG. Genetics of obesity in humans: a clinical review. Int J Mol Sci, 2022, 23(19): 11005.
40. Scheidl TB, Brightwell AL, Easson SH, et al. Maternal obesity and programming of metabolic syndrome in the offspring: searching for mechanisms in the adipocyte progenitor pool. BMC Med, 2023, 21(1): 50. doi: 10.1186/s12916-023-02730-z.
41. Kittisakmontri K, Fewtrell M. Impact of complementary feeding on obesity risk. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 2023, 26(3): 266-272.
42. Kuckuck S, van der Valk ES, Lengton R, et al. Long-term hair cortisone and perceived stress are associated with long-term hedonic eating tendencies in patients with obesity. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2025, 171: 107224. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107224.
43. Smith J, Ang XQ, Giles EL, et al. Emotional eating interventions for adults living with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2023, 20(3): 2722. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20032722.
44. Deng X, He M, He D, et al. Sleep duration and obesity in children and adolescents: evidence from an updated and dose-response meta-analysis. Sleep Med, 2021, 78: 169-181.
45. Swinburn BA, Kraak VI, Allender S, et al. The global syndemic of obesity, undernutrition, and climate change: the Lancet Commission report. Lancet, 2019, 393(10173): 791-846.
46. Selvakumaran S, Lin CY, Hadgraft N, et al. Area-level socioeconomic inequalities in overweight and obesity: systematic review on moderation by built-environment attributes. Health Place, 2023m 83: 103101.
47. Yang Y, Kelifa MO, Yu B, et al. Gender-specific temporal trends in overweight prevalence among Chinese adults: a hierarchical age-period-cohort analysis from 2008 to 2015. Glob Health Res Policy, 2020, 5: 42. doi: 10.1186/s41256-020-00169-w.
48. AlKalbani SR, Murrin C. The association between alcohol intake and obesity in a sample of the Irish adult population, a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 2023, 23(1): 2075. doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-16946-4.
49. Gan Q, Xu P, Yang T, et al. Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption status and its association with childhood obesity among Chinese children aged 6-17 years. Nutrients, 2021, 13(7): 2211. doi: 10.3390/nu13072211.
50. Peng S, Fang Y, Othman AT, et al. Meta-analysis and systematic review of physical activity on neurodevelopment disorders, depression, and obesity among children and adolescents. Front Psychol, 2022, 13: 940977. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.940977.
51. Guo Y, Miller MA, Cappuccio FP. Short duration of sleep and incidence of overweight or obesity in Chinese children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, 2021, 31(2): 363-371.
52. 中国营养学会. 中国居民膳食指南 (2022). 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2022: 11-12.
53. Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Obesity Society. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2014, 63(25 Pt B): 2985-3023.
54. Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, et al. Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity. N Engl J Med, 2021, 384(11): 989-1002.
55. Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity. N Engl J Med, 2022, 387(3): 205-216.
56. Couzin-Frankel J. Obesity meets its match. Science, 2023, 382(6676): 1226-1227.
57. 刘雁军. 减重代谢手术在肥胖症综合治疗中的应用. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2023, 30(3): 260-263.
58. Mingrone G, Panunzi S, De Gaetano A, et al. Metabolic surgery versus conventional medical therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: 10-year follow-up of an open-label, single-centre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2021, 397(10271): 293-304.
59. 王存川, 朱晒红, 夏泽锋, 等. 肥胖代谢外科医学科普中国专家共识 (2024版). 中华消化外科杂志, 2024, 23(12): 1471-1478.

CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

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