Global burden of disease analysis of premenstrual syndrome in women of childbearing age, 1990-2021_Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Authors：

LIU Junping , CAI Yan , LI Jiaying , LU Cheng ,  ZHANG Xiaodan

Department of Traditional Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

ZHANG Xiaodan, Email: 18235291956@163.com

Keywords：

Premenstrual syndrome; Global burden of disease; Sociodemographic indices

DOI：

10.7507/1672-2531.202503143

Video：

Export PDF Favorites Scan Get Citation

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objective Based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database, to analyze the dynamic trends and regional differences in the burden of disease of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) among women of childbearing age globally from 1990 to 2021, and to provide an evidence-based basis for optimizing the allocation of reproductive health resources. Methods Data on the prevalence, incidence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of PMS in 204 countries and regions in the GBD 2021 database were extracted and combined with sociodemographic indices (SDI) to assess the temporal trends and spatial distribution characteristics of the burden of disease using the annual average percentage change (AAPC). Results The global prevalence, incidence and DALYs of PMS in women of reproductive age in 2021 were 45 666.32/100 000, 11 935.05/100 000 and 381.11/100 000, respectively. From 1990 to 2021, the prevalence (AAPC=0.05%) and DALYs (AAPC=0.05%) showed a slight upward trend and a slight decrease in prevalence (AAPC=−0.06%). Prevalence and DALYs increased at a higher rate in low SDI regions (AAPC=0.13% to 0.26%), and the fastest rate of increase was seen in high-income North America in high-SDI regions (AAPC=0.50% to 0.52%). Conclusion The PMS disease burden is unevenly distributed globally and is influenced by a variety of factors, including the level of social development. In the future, it is necessary to combine multidisciplinary intervention strategies and incorporate prospective data to improve prediction models to support the development of global female reproductive health policies.

1.	HadaviBavili P, İlçioğlu K. Premenstrual syndrome and lifestyle: development and validity of a premenstrual syndrome quality-of-life scale. J Affect Disord, 2024, 362: 209-216.
2.	Funnell EL, Martin-Key NA, Spadaro B, et al. Help-seeking behaviours and experiences for mental health symptoms related to the menstrual cycle: a UK-wide exploratory survey. npj Womens Health, 2024, 2: 2.
3.	Gao M, Gao D, Sun H, et al. Trends in research related to premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder from 1945 to 2018: a bibliometric analysis. Front Public Health, 2021, 9: 596128.
4.	Hennegan J, Winkler IT, Bobel C, et al. Menstrual health: a definition for policy, practice, and research. Sex Reprod Health Matters, 2021, 29(1): 1911618.
5.	Liu X, Li R, Wang S, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of premenstrual syndrome, 1990-2019: an analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Hum Reprod, 2024, 39(6): 1303-1315.
6.	Cen J, Wang Q, Cheng L, et al. Global, regional, and national burden and trends of migraine among women of childbearing age from 1990 to 2021: insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. J Headache Pain, 2024, 25(1): 96.
7.	GBD 2021 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet, 2024, 403(10440): 2100-2132.
8.	GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet, 2018, 392(10159): 1789-1858.
9.	屈彦, 王天一, 杨津, 等. GBD数据库的数据提取方法与流程. 中国循证心血管医学杂志, 2019, 11(9): 1043-1046.
10.	World Health Organization. ICD-11 for mortality and morbidity statistics (ICD-11 MMS). 2019.
11.	GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet, 2020, 396(10258): 1204-1222.
12.	Liu Z, Jiang Y, Yuan H, et al. The trends in incidence of primary liver cancer caused by specific etiologies: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 and implications for liver cancer prevention. J Hepatol, 2019, 70(4): 674-683.
13.	GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet, 2020, 396(10258): 1223-1249.
14.	Liu X, Li R, Wang S, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of premenstrual syndrome, 1990-2019: an analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Hum Reprod, 2024, 39(6): 1303-1315.
15.	Gao Y, Wang X, Wang Q, et al. Rising global burden of common gynecological diseases in women of childbearing age from 1990 to 2021: an update from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Reprod Health, 2025, 22(1): 57.
16.	GBD 2021 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet, 2024, 403(10440): 2100-2132.
17.	Liu X, Li R, Wang S, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of premenstrual syndrome, 1990-2019: an analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Hum Reprod, 2024, 39(6): 1303-1315.
18.	张玉珍. 中医妇科学. 北京: 中国中医药出版社, 2007.
19.	Tiranini L, Nappi RE. Recent advances in understanding/management of premenstrual dysphoric disorder/premenstrual syndrome. Fac Rev, 2022, 11: 11.
20.	Farpour S, Soleimani D, Moradinazar M, et al. The relationship of dietary inflammatory index and dietary patterns with premenstrual syndrome among women in Kermanshah: an analytical cross-sectional study. Food Sci Nutr, 2023, 11(7): 4146-4154.
21.	Dunphy L, Boyle S, Wood F. The multifactorial aetiology and management of premenstrual dysphoric disorder with leuprorelin acetate. BMJ Case Rep, 2023, 16(12): e258343.
22.	Takeda T, Kai S, Yoshimi K. Association between premenstrual symptoms and posttraumatic stress symptoms by COVID-19: a cross-sectional study with Japanese high school students. Tohoku J Exp Med, 2021, 255(1): 71-77.
23.	ACOG. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS): ACOG practice bulletin No. 110. Obstet Gynecol, 2011, 117(1): 223-236.
24.	Siddiqui S, Nidhi K. Cultural taboos and menstrual health: analysing practices in Gadchiroli’s Kurma Ghar (period huts) in Maharashtra. Discov Public Health, 2025, 22: 160.
25.	Gao M, Zhang H, Wang C, et al. Top 100 cited papers on premenstrual syndrome/premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a bibliometric study. Front Psychiatry, 2022, 13: 936009.

1. HadaviBavili P, İlçioğlu K. Premenstrual syndrome and lifestyle: development and validity of a premenstrual syndrome quality-of-life scale. J Affect Disord, 2024, 362: 209-216.
2. Funnell EL, Martin-Key NA, Spadaro B, et al. Help-seeking behaviours and experiences for mental health symptoms related to the menstrual cycle: a UK-wide exploratory survey. npj Womens Health, 2024, 2: 2.
3. Gao M, Gao D, Sun H, et al. Trends in research related to premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder from 1945 to 2018: a bibliometric analysis. Front Public Health, 2021, 9: 596128.
4. Hennegan J, Winkler IT, Bobel C, et al. Menstrual health: a definition for policy, practice, and research. Sex Reprod Health Matters, 2021, 29(1): 1911618.
5. Liu X, Li R, Wang S, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of premenstrual syndrome, 1990-2019: an analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Hum Reprod, 2024, 39(6): 1303-1315.
6. Cen J, Wang Q, Cheng L, et al. Global, regional, and national burden and trends of migraine among women of childbearing age from 1990 to 2021: insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. J Headache Pain, 2024, 25(1): 96.
7. GBD 2021 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet, 2024, 403(10440): 2100-2132.
8. GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet, 2018, 392(10159): 1789-1858.
9. 屈彦, 王天一, 杨津, 等. GBD数据库的数据提取方法与流程. 中国循证心血管医学杂志, 2019, 11(9): 1043-1046.
10. World Health Organization. ICD-11 for mortality and morbidity statistics (ICD-11 MMS). 2019.
11. GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet, 2020, 396(10258): 1204-1222.
12. Liu Z, Jiang Y, Yuan H, et al. The trends in incidence of primary liver cancer caused by specific etiologies: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 and implications for liver cancer prevention. J Hepatol, 2019, 70(4): 674-683.
13. GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet, 2020, 396(10258): 1223-1249.
14. Liu X, Li R, Wang S, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of premenstrual syndrome, 1990-2019: an analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Hum Reprod, 2024, 39(6): 1303-1315.
15. Gao Y, Wang X, Wang Q, et al. Rising global burden of common gynecological diseases in women of childbearing age from 1990 to 2021: an update from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Reprod Health, 2025, 22(1): 57.
16. GBD 2021 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet, 2024, 403(10440): 2100-2132.
17. Liu X, Li R, Wang S, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of premenstrual syndrome, 1990-2019: an analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Hum Reprod, 2024, 39(6): 1303-1315.
18. 张玉珍. 中医妇科学. 北京: 中国中医药出版社, 2007.
19. Tiranini L, Nappi RE. Recent advances in understanding/management of premenstrual dysphoric disorder/premenstrual syndrome. Fac Rev, 2022, 11: 11.
20. Farpour S, Soleimani D, Moradinazar M, et al. The relationship of dietary inflammatory index and dietary patterns with premenstrual syndrome among women in Kermanshah: an analytical cross-sectional study. Food Sci Nutr, 2023, 11(7): 4146-4154.
21. Dunphy L, Boyle S, Wood F. The multifactorial aetiology and management of premenstrual dysphoric disorder with leuprorelin acetate. BMJ Case Rep, 2023, 16(12): e258343.
22. Takeda T, Kai S, Yoshimi K. Association between premenstrual symptoms and posttraumatic stress symptoms by COVID-19: a cross-sectional study with Japanese high school students. Tohoku J Exp Med, 2021, 255(1): 71-77.
23. ACOG. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS): ACOG practice bulletin No. 110. Obstet Gynecol, 2011, 117(1): 223-236.
24. Siddiqui S, Nidhi K. Cultural taboos and menstrual health: analysing practices in Gadchiroli’s Kurma Ghar (period huts) in Maharashtra. Discov Public Health, 2025, 22: 160.
25. Gao M, Zhang H, Wang C, et al. Top 100 cited papers on premenstrual syndrome/premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a bibliometric study. Front Psychiatry, 2022, 13: 936009.

Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Latest ArticlesGlobal burden of disease analysis of premenstrual syndrome in women of childbearing age, 1990-2021

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Format

Content