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The Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage during Anticoagulation Therapy Following Mechanical Heart Valve Replacement

目的:探讨心脏机械瓣膜置换术后抗凝治疗中,消化道出血发生的危险因素及防治措施。方法:回顾性研究2001年3月至2008年7月我院16例机械瓣膜置换术后抗凝治疗中消化道出血患者的临床资料,分析发生的危险因素,并总结其诊治经验。结果:心脏机械瓣膜置换术后患者抗凝治疗中消化道出血发生在服用华法令后3天～5年,平均147.53±136.71天。其中,上消化道出血12例,下消化道出血4例;保守治疗11例,内窥镜治疗4例;死亡2例(DIC及多器官功能衰竭各1例),病死率12.5%(2/16)。出血组患者术中转流时间(142.73 min±49.81 min)明显长于对照组(98.27 min±39.52 min)(Plt;0.05),华法令平均用药量(2.46±0.53 mg/d)与对照组(2.38±0.69 mg/d)无明显差异(Pgt;0.05),国际标准比值(INR)均值(2.79±0.57))明显大于对照组(1.49±0.58)(P lt;0.05)。消化道出血治疗期间停用华法令5～19天,平均13±2天,所有痊愈患者消化道出血治疗期间及出院后随访3月内均无栓塞及消化道再出血事件发生。结论;⑴心脏机械瓣膜置换术后早期(3月内)抗凝治疗发生消化道出血的危险因素包括术中转流时间过长和抗凝强度过大(INR＞2.0),晚期则可能与合并使用非甾体类抗炎药有关;⑵ 消化道出血治疗期间,华法林停用2周较为安全。

华法林治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病疗效观察

目的探讨口服华法林抗凝治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病（简称慢阻肺）的疗效。 方法采用病例对照研究。将40例存在中度以上阻塞性通气功能障碍的慢阻肺患者随机分为治疗组和对照组。对照组按指南常规治疗，治疗组在对照组基础上加用华法林抗凝治疗，疗程1年。观察比较治疗前后患者D-二聚体、呼吸困难指数、肺功能、急性加重病例数的变化情况。 结果两组患者D-二聚体定量均下降，治疗组下降值显著高于对照组下降值[（1.12±0.77）mg/L比（0.52±0.70）mg/L，t=2.614，P < 0.05]，治疗组呼吸困难指数下降值显著高于对照组下降值[（1.85±0.49）分比（0.85±0.70）分，t=5.520，P < 0.05]，治疗组肺功能（第1秒用力呼气容积占预计值百分比）增加值显著高于对照组增加值[（12.96±8.14）%比（1.76±2.72）%，t=5.839，P < 0.05]，差异均有统计学意义。急性加重病例数治疗组6例，对照组10例。 结论长期口服小剂量华法林抗凝治疗能降低慢阻肺患者的D-二聚体水平，改善呼吸困难症状，改善肺功能，延缓肺功能下降，减少急性发作次数。

心脏机械瓣膜置换术后抗凝治疗的安全性

目的 探讨心脏机械瓣膜置换术后服用华法令的安全剂量及抗凝期间的注意事项。 方法 回顾性分析1999 年12 月至2010 年10 月皖南医学院附属弋矶山医院132 例行心脏瓣膜置换术后进行华法令抗凝治疗患者的临床资料，其中男73 例，女59 例；年龄27 ～ 78 岁；术后口服华法令抗凝，随访3 个月～ 10 年，分析华法令应用情况及其并发症发生情况。 结果 手术时间（240±96） min，体外循环时间（112±52） min，主动脉阻断时间（81±23） min。全组术后出现皮肤紫癜2 例，死亡2 例。随访117 例，随访率90%（117/130），随访期间月经期月经量过多导致贫血4 例，血尿3 例，反复鼻衄或牙龈出血共4 例，消化道出血1 例，脑出血1 例，下肢栓塞1 例，脑梗死1 例，均治愈或好转。 结论 心脏机械瓣膜置换术后正确服用华法令抗凝治疗，及时监测，注意各种干扰因素可以明显降低并发症的发生率。

Evaluation of the Effects of Comprehensive Discharge Education for Patients Having Undergone Mechanical Heart Valve Replacement

目的　探讨心脏机械瓣膜置换术后患者出院指导的综合方法，评价其效果。 方法　将2010年9月－2011年1月242例心脏机械瓣膜置换术患者按入院先后顺序随机分成试验组和对照组。试验组患者采用综合出院指导方案，对照组采用常规宣教方法，在6个月后对两组患者进行调查，评价综合指导方案的效果，并进行统计学分析。 结果　试验组患者均未出现不良并发症，对照组有1例出院后未遵医嘱服药及定期复查，死于血管栓塞；有2例出现血管栓塞，2例牙龈出血，经及时治疗后好转。 结论　对心脏机械瓣膜置换术患者出院时，发放健康教育资料及定期随访指导的综合出院指导方案，可以降低术后并发症，提高患者认知水平和满意度，帮助患者提高依从性，提高生存质量。

The Control Study of CommunityBased Management and SpecialistBased Management of Warfarin Therapy in Elderly Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

目的:心房纤颤是老年最常见的心律失常之一,并且带来了如外周血管血栓形成、肺梗死、脑卒中等并发症。口服抗凝治疗是预防该类并发症的有效手段,但监测繁琐、有药物不良反应风险等。本实验为寻找有效的房颤管理模式,设计了社区管理模式,并与专科管理模式进行对照,以研究社区管理模式是否适合老年房颤患者的管理。方法:纳入在我院就诊的老年房颤患者107名,随机分入社区管理组及专科管理组,其中专科管理组患者在珠海市人民医院门诊常规就诊,而社区管理组在所属社区进行治疗。对照比较在抗凝达标率、华法林相关不良反应事件发生率(出血、血栓事件)、及费用方面的差异。结果:与专科管理组比较,社区管理组在抗凝达标率(分别为612%,642%,Pgt;005)、出血及血栓事件(P值分别为0133,0279)发生率方面无明显统计学差异,但是在总体费用方面存在着统计学差异(Plt;0001)。结论:老年房颤患者华法林抗凝治疗在社区管理有着与专科管理相似的可行性、安全性及有效性,并且有费用方面的优势。

Surgery Therapy of Thrombosis Accompanied with Nephrotic Syndrome：Report of 4 Cases and Literature Review

目的　探讨肾病综合征并发血栓形成的外科治疗特点。方法　从笔者所在单位收治的肾病综合征并发血栓形成的患者中选取4例血栓形成部位罕见、治疗难度大的病例，对其临床资料进行分析。结果　1例在下肢深静脉血栓形成基础上发生下腔静脉血栓形成；1例腹主动脉急性血栓形成伴下肢动脉栓塞导致下肢坏疽行高位截肢；1例股动脉支架内反复血栓形成导致下肢坏疽行高位截肢；1例人工血管及下肢动脉支架内短时间内血栓形成，经干细胞移植后下肢缺血得到缓解。结论　在血栓形成的诊治过程中提高对肾病综合征的认识，针对肾病综合征患者高凝状态在围手术期进行预防性抗凝治疗，以及充分认识肾病综合征并发血栓形成抗凝治疗的特殊性，可能会降低肾病综合征患者血栓形成的发生率，提高肾病综合征并发血栓形成的外科治疗水平。

肠系膜静脉血栓形成3例报告

Observation on Therapeutic Effect of Warfarin on 103 Pregnant Women with Prosthetic Mechanical Heart Valves Throughout Pregnancy

Abstract: Objective To investigate the anticoagulation effect of warfarin on pregnant women with prosthetic mechanical heart valves during the whole course of pregnancy and their fetuses. Methods Followup survey was carried out on 103 pregnant women with prosthetic mechanical heart valves treated in the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from April 1998 to June 2010. Their age ranged from 19 and 38 years (26.4±3.8 years). All the 103 pregnant women were given oral administration of warfarin during the whole course of pregnancy. The average dose of domestic warfarin was 3.30±0.43 mg/d (87 cases), while the average dose of imported warfarin was 2.90±1.05 mg/d (16 cases). Results None of the patients suffered from serious embolic events. One patient suffered from spontaneous peritoneal hemorrhage. There were 4 cases of intrauterine deaths, and 5 cases of fetal malformation including 1 case of Down’s syndrome and 4 cases of hydrocephalus. Six cases of low birth weight infants and 1 case of ABO hemolytic disease were also found. All the other neonates were healthy with normal weight. No pregnant women suffered from postpartum hemorrhage. Conclusion Oral administration of low dose warfarin (lt;5 mg/d) during the whole course of pregnancy is a relative safe and effective anticoagulation protocol.

Individualized anticoagulation versus empirical anticoagulation therapy after cardiac valve replacement in Uygur patients: A randomized controlled trial

Objective To investigate whether the individualized anticoagulation therapy based on CYP2C9 and VKORC1 gene is superior to empirical anticoagulation therapy after artificial heart valve replacement surgery in Uygur patients. Methods From December 2012 to December 2015, 210 Uygur patients who underwent artificial heart valve replacement surgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University were randomly assigned to a genetic anticoagulation therapy group (group A, n=106, 41 females and 65 males, aged 44.7±10.02 years) or an empirical anticoagulation therapy group (group B, n=104, 47 females and 57 males, aged 45.62±10.01 years) according to the random number table. CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes were tested in the group A and then wafarin of administration in anticoagulation therapy was recommended. Patients in the group B were treated with conventional anticoagulation. Patients in both groups were followed up for 1 month and coagulation function was regularly tested. Results The percentage of patients with INR values of 1.8-2.5 after 4 weeks warfarin anticoagulation treatment in the group A was higher than that in the group B (47.1% vs. 32.7%, P=0.038). The rate of INR≥3.0 in the warfarin anticoagulation therapy period in the group A was lower than that in the group B (21.6% vs. 26.5%, P=0.411). The time to reach the standard INR value and the time to get maintenance dose were shorter in the group A compared with the group B (8.80±3.07 d vs. 9.26±2.09 d, P=0.031; 14.25±4.55 d vs. 15.33±1.85 d, P=0.032). Bleeding occured in one patient in the group A and three patients in the group B (P=0.293). Embolic events occured in three patients in the group A and five patients in the group B (P=0.436). Conclusion Compared with the empirical anticoagulation, the genetic anticoagulation based on wafarin dosing model can spend less time and make more patients to reach the standard INR value. However there is no significant difference between the two groups in the ratio of INR≥3.0, bleeding and embolic events in the warfarin anticoagulation therapy.

Comparative Study on the Efficacy and Safety of Thrombolysis and Anticoagulation Therapy for Patients with Acute Sub-Massive Pulmonary Thromboembolism

Objective To compare the clinical efficacy and safety of thrombolysis with anticoagulation therapy for patients with acute sub-massive pulmonary thromboembolism. Methods The clinical data of 84 patients with acute sub-massive pulmonary thromboembolism were analyzed retrospectively, mainly focusing on the in-hospital efficacy and safety of thrombolysis and/ or anticoagulation. The efficacy was evaluated based on 6 grades: cured, markedly improved, improved, not changed, deteriorated and died. Results Among the 84 patients,49 patients received thrombolysis and sequential anticoagulation therapy( thrombolysis group) , 35 patients received anticoagulation therapy alone( anticoagulation group) . As compared with the anticoagulation group, the thrombolysis group had higher effective rate( defined as patients who were cured, markedly improved or improved, 81. 6% versus 54. 3%, P = 0. 007) , lower critical event occurrence ( defined as clinical condition deteriorated or died, 2. 0% versus 14. 3% , P = 0. 032) . There was no significant difference in bleeding rates between the two groups ( thrombolysis group 20. 4% versus anticoagulation group 14. 3% , P gt; 0. 05) . No major bleeding or intracranial hemorrhage occurred in any of the patients. Conclusions Thrombolysis therapy may be more effective than anticoagulation therapy alone in patients with acute sub-massive pulmonary thromboembolism, and thus warrants further prospective randomized control study in large population.