Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (AE-IPF) is defined as an acute and clinically significant respiratory deterioration characterized by evidence of new, widespread alveolar abnormality. In the past, AE-IPF was considered to be idiopathic, which was hard to be prevented and its prognosis was hard to be obviously improved; the latest researches have shown that AE-IPF can be triggered by known causes, including pulmonary infection, aspiration, etc. This review summarizes the etiology or risk factors, treatment and prevention of AE-IPF according to the latest researches.
目的:探讨新生儿高未结合胆红素血症病因构成、发生规律及防治。方法:对340例新生儿高未结合胆红素血症进行病因综合分析。结果:(1)病因以感染因素占首位,其次是溶血因素及围产因素;(2)病因与发病时间的关系:溶血因素及围产因素均发生在日龄lt;3 d内,发病日龄gt;3 d以感染因素为主,还有母乳性黄疸。结论:早期新生儿高未结合胆红素血症以溶血因素及围产因素为主,中晚期新生儿高未结合胆红素血症则以感染因素为主。故加强围生期保健,加强预防及抗感染,减少孕期及产时并发症的发生可有效减少新生儿黄疸的发生。
Objective To study the etiology of primary intrahepatic stones. MethodsThe literatures in the recent years on the etiology of intrahepatic stone were revieved. Results The formation of intrahepatic stone mainly caused by bacteria infection, parasitic infestation, bile stasis, congenital anatomic abnormalities and immunoreaction of bile tract. Further investigation found that metabolic, low protein diet, environment and ethnic factors and gene mutation were considered to play important roles in the formation of the intrahepatic stone. Conclusion The formation of intrahepatic stone is complex and are result of multiple factors. It closely related to the infection and stasis of the bile duct.