Peptidoglycan is an important component of bacterial cell wall, which plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of bacterial cell structure, stimulating immune response, and anti-infection. Peptidoglycan recycling is an indispensable process for bacterial cell growth and reproduction. In recent years, it has been reported that the peptidoglycan recycling is closely related to the occurrence and development of bacterial resistance, especially with the antibacterial activity of β-lactam antibiotics. In this paper, the relationship between peptidoglycan recycling and resistance is described by combining relevant reports and taking Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as examples, so as to promote the understanding of bacterial resistance mechanisms and provide potential targets for the development of new antimicrobial drugs.
摘要:目的:了解细菌药物敏感性以指导临床合理选用抗生素。方法:采用VITEK32及GNS120药敏卡、GPS107药敏卡完成细菌的鉴定及药敏实验。结果:葡萄球菌占72.5%。青霉素对葡萄球菌敏感性几乎为0,葡萄球菌的产酶率均在95%以上。结论:临床应了解细菌对抗生素的耐药特点,掌握好适应症,科学合理选用抗生素
ObjectiveTo systematically review the health economic evaluation studies in which externalities of antibacterial drug uses were identified.MethodsPubMed, EMbase, The Cochrane Library, CNKI, WanFang Data and VIP databases were electronically searched to collect health economic evaluation studies in which externalities of antibacterial drug uses were identified from inception to December 31st, 2020. Two reviewers independently screened literature, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of included studies. Descriptive analysis was then performed.ResultsA total of 14 studies were included. Negative externalities and their impacts on costs and/or effectiveness were examined in 13 literature, and positive externalities in terms of an improvement in disease control were included in only one study. No study was found in which both negative and positive externalities were included. The methods used to quantify negative externalities included: only costs associated with drug resistance per prescription or per unit were calculated; both costs and health impacts associated with the second/third line treatments followed a treatment failure (due to drug resistance) were calculated using a decision tree. In one study in which positive externalities were measured, both health gain and cost reduction from an improvement in disease control (as a benefit of antibacterial drug uses) were calculated by constructing a dynamic model at the population level.ConclusionsWe propose that both the positive and negative externalities should be included in health economic evaluation. This can be achieved by measuring the relevant costs and health impacts in a broader perspective, using a disease-transmission dynamic model. In addition, to achieve an improved health utility measurement, disability-adjusted-life years rather than quality-adjusted-life years should be encouraged for use. Finally, both costs and effectiveness should be discounted.
目的：探讨儿童血液肿瘤并发感染的病原菌分布及对抗生素的敏感性，以指导临床治疗。方法:回顾性分析从儿童血液肿瘤患者收集的标本中分离的病原菌及药敏实验资料。结果:共送检321份标本，检出致病菌94株，检出率29.3%，其中革兰氏阴性菌51株(54.3%)、革兰氏阳性菌33株(35.1%)、真菌10株(10.6%)；除铜绿假单胞菌外，革兰氏阴性杆菌对亚胺培南、美洛培南的耐药率较低(lt;15%)，对其他抗生素耐药性较高，三种主要革兰氏阴性菌大肠埃希氏菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌对氨苄西林几乎耐药(gt;90%)；革兰氏阳性球菌对替考拉宁耐药率较低，对其他抗生素耐药性较高，未检出耐万古霉素菌株。结论:儿童血液肿瘤并发感染的病原菌以革兰氏阴性菌为主。抗生素的大量使用，使革兰氏阴性菌和阳性菌的耐药率都增高，应根据细菌培养及药敏实验指导临床合理使用抗生素。
ObjectiveTo elucidate the latest research progress of Yes-associated protein (YAP) / transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) in regulating tumor drug resistance. MethodThe relevant literature on YAP/TAZ in regulating tumor cell chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy resistance was reviewed and summarized in the databases such as PubMed, CNKI, and so on. ResultsThe YAP/TAZ was involved in the resistance regulation of chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy in various human tumors. The YAP/TAZ could interact with various proteins to induce the occurrence of tumor resistance. The imbalance of YAP/TAZ signaling might lead to an important mechanism of tumor cell resistance. ConclusionsThere is a close relation between YAP/TAZ and tumor cell resistance. Studying the mechanism of YAP/TAZ regulating tumor resistance can provide new strategies and targets for addressing tumor resistance.
Approximately 70 million people worldwide suffer from epilepsy, with about 9 million in China. About one-third of patients demonstrating resistance to traditional antiseizure medications (ASMs), Focal Cortical Stimulation (FCS) emerges as a novel neuromodulation therapy based on neural stimulation, showing potential in treating drug-resistant focal epilepsy. FCS reduces seizure frequency by diminishing abnormal excitability in cortical areas. Compared to traditional surgery, it carries lower risks and is particularly suited for patients whose epileptogenic foci are difficult to surgically localize. Its adjustability provides physicians with treatment flexibility, allowing them to tailor therapy based on patient conditions. Recent studies highlight the practical clinical application of FCS, underscoring its advantages in reducing the frequency of drug-resistant epilepsy seizures. The article concludes by exploring the future prospects of FCS, emphasizing the need for research in long-term efficacy assessment and patient adaptability, thus demonstrating its significant potential and direction for development in the field of epilepsy treatment.
目的 探讨鲍曼不动杆菌感染的临床分布及药敏情况。 方法 对2009年1月－2011年12月的微生物送检标本进行统计分析，鲍曼不动杆菌2009年培养出19株，2010年29株（多重耐药菌株1株），2011年35株（多重耐药菌株2株），并对其分布的标本类型、科室及耐药情况进行分析。 结果 鲍曼不动杆菌在痰中检出率最高；科室分布依次为重症监护室（ICU）、神经外科、呼吸科；该菌对亚胺培南敏感性最高，对青霉素和头孢类抗生素耐药率均在55%以上。 结论 鲍曼不动杆菌感染患者的经验性抗生素治疗应根据其地区、医院最新的院内感染病原体分布及耐药性，合理选择抗生素；病情、高龄、免疫抑制剂、机械通气、多种侵入性操作及抗生素的使用为鲍曼不动杆菌医院感染危险因素；ICU存在多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的感染，应加以控制。
Objective To investigate the role of long non-coding RNA metastasis-associated in colon cancer 1-antisense RNA （MACC1-AS1）in cisplatin resistant gastric cancer and its possible mechanism. Methods Human gastric cancer cell line BGC823 and cisplatin resistant gastric cancer cell line (BGC823/DDP) were selected as the research objects. BGC823/DDP cells were transfected and divided into negative control group (si-NC group, transfected with si-NC empty plasmid) and MACC1-AS1 gene silencing group (si-MACC1-AS1 group, transfected with si-MACC1-AS1 plasmid). The BGC823 cells were transfected and divided into positive control group (pcDNA-NC group, transfected with pcDNA-NC empty plasmid) and MACC1-AS1 gene overexpression group (pcDNA-MACC1-AS1 group, transfected with pcDNA-MACC1-AS1 plasmid). MTT was used to detect the inhibition and 50% inhibition concentration (IC50). Flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of MACC1-AS1, B-lymphoma-2 gene (Bcl-2), Bcl-2 related X gene (Bax), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), phosphorylated mTOR (p-mTOR), protein kinase B (AKT), and phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT). Western blot was used to detect the protein expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2, p-mTOR, mTOR, AKT, and p-AKT. Results The relative expression level of MACC1-AS1 mRNA in BGC823/DDP cells was higher than that in BGC823 gastric cancer cells (P<0.01). The relative expression level of MACC1-AS1 mRNA in the si-MACC1-AS1 group cells was lower than that in the si-NC group cells (P<0.01). The relative expression level of MACC1-AS1 mRNA in the pcDNA-MACC1-AS1 group cells was higher than that in the pcDNA-NC group cells (P<0.01). The cell growth inhibition rate and IC50 of the si-MACC1-AS1 group were higher than those of the si-NC group (P<0.01). The cell growth inhibition rate and IC50 of the pcDNA-MACC1-AS1 group were lower than those of the pcDNA-NC group (P<0.01). The mRNA and protein relative expression levels of Bcl-2, p-AKT/AKT and p-mTOR/mTOR in the pcDNA-MACC1-AS1 group were significantly higher than those in the pcDNA-NC group (P<0.01). The relative expression levels of Bax protein and mRNA in the pcDNA-MACC1-AS1 group were significantly lower than those in the pcDNA-NC group (P<0.01). The apoptosis rate of the pcDNA-MACC1-AS1 group was significantly lower than that of the pcDNA-NC group (P<0.01). The mRNA and protein relative expression levels of Bcl-2, p-AKT/AKT and p-mTOR/mTOR in the si-MACC1-AS1 group were significantly lower than those in the si-NC group (P<0.01). The relative expression levels of Bax protein and mRNA in the si-MACC1-AS1 group were significantly higher than those in the si-NC group (P<0.01). The apoptosis rate of the si-MACC1-AS1 group was significantly higher than that of the si-NC group (P<0.01). Conclusions MACC1-AS1 highly expresses in cisplatin resistant gastric cancer cells. Overexpression of MACC1-AS1 regulates AKT/mTOR pathway mediated apoptosis and enhances cisplatin resistance of gastric cancer cells.
ObjectiveTo explore the distribution and rule of pathogen strains in the third quarter and fourth quarter of 2012, and to provide the basis for clinical medication. MethodsTo retrospectively analyze the bacterial culture and drug susceptibility test results in the third quarter and the fourth quarter of 2012. ResultsThere were isolated 932 plants in the third quarter, and 915 plants isolated in the fourth quarter. Heavy drug resistance rates of detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa decrease slightly. There was more multiple drug resistance of A. baumanii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the fourth quarter than in the third one. ConclusionThe resistant strain increases in the fourth quarter. We should attach importance to the clinical examination, bacterial drug resistance monitoring, and rational use of antimicrobial agents.
Objectives The purpose of this study is to verify the phenytoin-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) induced by Li-pilocarpine and screened by antiepilepsy drug (AEDs). Methods The rats with MTLE were induced by Li-pilocarpine, which were screened by effect of phenytoin treatment monitored by vedio-EEG. The living microdialysis technology was used for verification of drug concentration in brain of drug-resistant and drug-responsive rat model, and the P-glycoprotein expression was detected by immunohistochemical method. Results Sixteen rats with chronic MTLE were successfully induced in total 30 rats, among which, 6 drug-resistant rats with MTLE were screened. The brain/plasma ratio of area under the curve in drug-resistant rats was significantly lower than that of drug-responsive rats (0.15±0.03 vs. 0.28±0.05, P<0.05). In addition, the P-glycoprotein expression in brain of drug-responsive rats was obviously higher than that of drug-responsive rats (P<0.05). Conclusions The low concentration of phenytoin in drug-resistant rat model with MTLE was verified that might be related to the over-expressed P-glycoprotein in brain.