ObjectiveTo explore the expressions of transthyretin(TTR) mRNA and its protein in tissues of human gallbladder with cholesterol gallstones, and to explore its role in the formation of cholesterol gallstones. MethodsGallbladder were got from cases of cholesterol gallstones(cholesterol gallstones group, n=25) and cases underwent liver transplantation with normal gallbladder(normal control group, n=9) respectively, who were treated in Ren Ji Hospital and Huashan Hospital. Real time PCR(RT-PCR) and Western blot method were used to determine the expressions of TTR mRNA and its protein respectively. In addition, 2 kinds of artificial model bile system were established to test nucleation time(NT) and nucleation activity, which added TTR and albumin(ALB). ResultsThe expression levels of TTR mRNA and protein in cholesterol gallstones group were 1.51±0.78 and 3.95±0.09 respectively, which were both higher than those of normal control group(P<0.05). The NT were(14.5±1.3)d and(18.0±0.8)d in TTR group and ALB group in small model bile system(P<0.01), which was similar with comprehensive model bile system[(13.5±0.6)d vs. (18.5±1.3)d]. The nucleation activity were 0.81 and 0.73 in small model bile system and comprehensive model bile system respectively. ConclusionsExpression of TTR up-regulates in human gallbladder tissues of patients with cholesterol gallstones, and TTR plays role of nucleation in model bile system, which is related to the formation of cholesterol gallstones.
The hallmark lesions of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are drusen and basal linear deposit which are lipid substances deposited in Bruch membrane or the compartment on the Bruch membrane. There is a prevailing hypothesis that lipid and its oxidized derivant deposited in retina may have important roles in the pathogenesis of AMD. Lipid oxidation products are toxic, may affect the adjacent cells, induce inflammation, and trigger neovascularization.7-ketocholestoral (7KCh), a naturally occurring oxidized form of cholesterol, had been found to be toxic to retinal cells and able to induce chronic inflammation, which may play a critical role in the development of AMD. However the precise mechanism remains to be elucidated. Thus we will make a brief review of 7KCh and its association with AMD.
PURPOSE:To investigale the influence of orally administered aldose reduetace inhibitor(ARI) and myo-inositol (MI)for contents of gluecose,sorbitol and myo-inositol in experimental diabetic retinal tissue in rat. METHODS :The STZ-induced diabetic rats were administered ARI or MI by oral. The glucose sorbitol and myo-inositol in retinal tissues were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography after experimental period of 6 montbs. RESULTS:It was found that the contents of glucose and sorhitol were increased and myo inosltol was decreased in diabetic group. In diabetes with ARI group.the content of sorbitol was increased although the glucose was in high level. In diabetes wilb MI group,the sorbitol accumulaled and coment of myo-inositol was close to the normal control group. CONCLUSIONS:The ARI can effectively obstruct sorbitol accumulation in retina. MI increase myo-inositol level but fail to reduce sorbitol contenl of retina. （Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis,1997,13: 75-77 ）
Objective To investigate the expression of hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) protein and the activation of phosphoinositid 3-kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) signal ing pathway in neurons under hypoxia ischemia condition,and to elucidate the role of PI3K/Akt on HIF-1α regulation in the developing neurons after hypoxia ischemia brain damage(HIBD). Methods Fifty-six SD rats aged 10 days were randomly divided into normal control group (n=12), sham operationgroup (n=12), experimental group (n=24), wortmannin treated group (n=4) and DMSO/PBS treated group (n=4). In theexperimental group, the rats were anesthetized with ethylether. The right common carotid artery was exposed and l igated. Then, they were exposed to hypoxia in a normobaric chamber filled with 8% oxygen and 92% nitrogen for 2.5 hours. In the sham control group, the right common carotid artery was exposed but was not l igated or exposed hypoxia. In the normal control group, the rats recevied no further processing. For wortmannin treated group and DMSO/PBS treated group, the rats received intraventricular injection of wortmannin or DMSO/PBS 30 minutes before hypoxia ischemia. The brain tissues were harvested from the rats in the normal control, sham operation and experimental groups at 4, 8 and 24 hours after hypoxia ischemia, but in the wortmannin and DMSO/PBS treated groups only at 4 hours. The HIF-1α protein expression and Akt protein expression were detected with immunohistochemistry method. HIF-1α, Akt and p-Akt protein expression were measured by Western blot analysis. Results In the experimental group, the HIF-1α expression was significantly increased at 4 hours after operation, reached the peak level at 8 hours, and began to decrease at 24 hours. The p-Akt protein was significantly increased at 4 hours, and began to decrease at 8 hours. However, the expression levels of HIF-1α and p-Akt protein in the normal control group were extremely low at each time point. So, the expression levels of HIF-1α in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the normal control groups (P lt; 0.01), the expression of p-Akt protein in the experimental group at 4 and 8 hours was significant higher than that in the normal control group (P lt; 0.05). The change of Akt protein in the experimental group was not time-dependent, and no significant difference was evident when compared with that of the normal control group (P gt; 0.05). Using wortmannin, the PI3K/Akt specific inhibitor, HIF-1α protein expression was significantly decreased when compared with the DMSO/PBS treated group and experimental group (P lt; 0.01). Conclusion These results suggested that the HIBD of neonatal rats may activate PI3K/Akt signal ing pathway and further induce the expression of HIF-1α, indicating PI3K/Akt signal ing pathway and HIF-1α could be a potential target for treatment of neonatal HIBD.
Objective To investigate the effect of steroid receptor coactivator family in initiation, development, treatment and prognosis of breast cancer. Methods The literatures in recent years which have related to the effect of steroid receptor coactivators in breast cancer are reviewed. Results Steroid receptor coactivators are essential for several kinds of steroid hormones binding to steroid receptors, so they are important accessory factors that induce the initiation, development and recurrence of breast cancer, and predictive factors that estimate the prognosis of breast cancer. Conclusion Inhibition of the expression and signaling pathway of steroid receptor coactivators may be effective for breast cancer prevention and treatment.
Objective To systematically review the efficacy of salbutamol for infants with bronchiolitis. Methods Databases including PubMed, EMbase, The Cochrane Library (Issue 3, 2016), CBM, VIP, WanFang Data and CNKI were searched from inception to March 2016 to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about salbutamol for infants with bronchiolitis. Two reviewers independently screened literature, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of included studies. Then, meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. Results A total of 20 RCTs, involving 1 735 patients were included. The results of meta-analysis showed that, compared with the control group, the salbutamol group had shorter cough relief time (MD= –1.44 d, 95%CI –1.93 to –0.95, P < 0.000 01), dyspnear relief time (MD= –0.87 d, 95%CI –1.17 to –0.56, P < 0.000 01), asthmatic remission time (MD= –1.38 d, 95%CI –1.93 to –0.83, P < 0.000 01), pulmonary rales disappear time (MD= –1.58 d, 95%CI –2.00 to –1.17, P < 0.000 01) and average hospitalization time (MD= –1.40 d, 95%CI –2.12 to –0.68, P=0.000 1), but could not improve clinical severity score (MD= –0.17, 95%CI –0.35 to 0.00, P=0.05). Conclusion Current evidence indicates that salbutamol can significantly improve the bronchiolitis with cough, dyspnea and wheezes symptoms and lung’s signs, shorten the length of hospital stay, but can not improve the clinical severity score of infants with bronchiolitis. Due to the limited quality of included studies, more high quality studies are needed to verify the above conclusion.
Electric field stimulation (EFS) can effectively inhibit local Ca2+ influx and secondary injury after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, after the EFS, the Ca2+ in the injured spinal cord restarts and subsequent biochemical reactions are stimulated, which affect the long-term effect of EFS. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a hydrophilic polymer material that can promote cell membrane fusion and repair damaged cell membranes. This article aims to study the combined effects of EFS and PEG on the treatment of SCI. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were subjected to SCI and then divided into control group (no treatment, n = 10), EFS group (EFS for 30 min, n = 10), PEG group (covered with 50% PEG gelatin sponge for 5 min, n = 10) and combination group (combined treatment of EFS and PEG, n = 10). The measurement of motor evoked potential (MEP), the motor behavior score and spinal cord section fast blue staining were performed at different times after SCI. Eight weeks after the operation, the results showed that the latency difference of MEP, the amplitude difference of MEP and the ratio of cavity area of spinal cords in the combination group were significantly lower than those of the control group, EFS group and PEG group. The motor function score and the ratio of residual nerve tissue area in the spinal cords of the combination group were significantly higher than those in the control group, EFS group and PEG group. The results suggest that the combined treatment can reduce the pathological damage and promote the recovery of motor function in rats after SCI, and the therapeutic effects are significantly better than those of EFS and PEG alone.
Objective To assess the effectiveness and safety of salbutamol in the treatment of preterm labor. Methods We searched MEDLINE (1966-Jan. 2007), EMBASE (1966-Jan. 2007), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Issue 4, 2006), CBMdisc (1978-Jan. 2007) and CNKI (1979-Jan. 2007). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-randomized controlled trials (quasi-RCT) involving salbutamol for preterm labor were collected. The quality of the retrieved trials was assessed using the Jadad Scale. Meta-analyses were conducted with The Cochrane Collaboration’s RevMan 4.2 software. Results A total of 19 RCTs and quasi-RCTs were included, of which 16 were published in Chinese and 3 in English. The quality of the 16 Chinese studies was low, scored less than 3 by the Jadad Scale. None of the 16 RCTs mentioned the method of randomization, allocation concealment, double-blinding or the long-term effect. The quality of the 3 English studies was high. Compared with basic treatment, salbutamol was more effective in prolonging pregnancy over 48 hours (RR=6.30, 95%CI 3.23 to 14.32), and preventing neonatal asphyxia (RR=0.44, 95%CI 0.33 to 0.59), but the incidence of adverse events in pregnant women was higher in the salbutamol group (RR=4.57, 95%CI 1.34 to 15.54). Salbutamol was as effective as magnesium sulfate in prolonging pregnancy over 48 hours (OR=1.60, 95%CI 0.92 to 2.76), but more effective in preventing neonatal asphyxia (OR=0.29, 95%CI 0.14 to 0.61). Salbutamol was similar to atosiban in terms of prolonging pregnancy over 48 hours (OR=1.18, 95%CI 0.42 to 3.37) and preventing neonatal asphyxia (OR=1.13, 95%CI 0.30 to 4.31). Conclusion Salbutamol is effective in prolonging pregnancy over 48 hours and preventing neonatal asphyxia, but may cause more adverse events in pregnant women. Salbutamol has similar effects to other commonly-used drugs in regard to prolonging pregnancy over 48 hours, but is better than magnesium sulfate in decreasing the incidence of neonatal asphyxia. Salbutamol may lead to more adverse events compared with atosiban, but fewer adverse events than magnesium sulfate.
In thiis study,we show thai carbachol stimulates the accumulation of inositol phosphates(InsPs)in human rellnal pigment epithelium (RPE)cells and atropine blocks the carbachol-induced effect ,suggesting the existence of musearinie acelyleholine receptors in human RPE cells. In contrast,noradrenaline,serotonin, cpidermal growth factor (EGF),isoproterenol,and NECA (5'-[N-ethyl]-carboxamido-adenosine)do not influence the basal levels of InsPs.Moreover,isoprmerenol and NECA do not affect the carhaehol elevated levels of InsPs.EGF,howcvcr,does potentiate the carhaehol stimulated elevation of InsPs in a dose-dependent manner ,suggesting an interaction between EGF and musearinie receptors in cultured human RPE cells. （Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis,1994,10:220-222）