ObjectiveTo review the effects and mechanisms of various myokines secreted by skeletal muscle on various bone tissue cells.MethodsLiterature related to myokines and their regulation of bone tissue cells was reviewed and analyzed comprehensively in recent years.ResultsBone and skeletal muscle are important members of the motor system, and they are closely related in anatomy, genetics, and physiopathology. In recent years, it has been found that skeletal muscle can secrete a variety of myokines to regulate bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and bone cells; these factors mutual crosstalk between myoskeletal unit, contact each other and influence each other, forming a complex myoskeletal micro-environment, and to some extent, it has a positive impact on bone repair and reconstruction.ConclusionMyokines are potential targets for the dynamic balance of bone tissue cells. In-depth study of its mechanism is helpful to the prevention and treatment of myoskeletal diseases.
ObjectiveTo observe the clinical effect of combined glucosamine hydrochloride and antiosteoporosis drugs in the treatment of senile knee osteoarthritis. MethodsA total of 120 patients with osteoarthritis of the knee treated from January 2014 to December 2015 were randomly divided into observation group and control group with 60 cases in each. The observation group received not only oral glucosamine hydrochloride, but calcium D3, alfacalcidol, and sodium phosphate for anti-osteoporosis treatment, while the control group was only given oral glucosamine hydrochloride. Lequesne score, curative effect and adverse drug reactions were compared between the two groups 2, 4, and 6 weeks after the beginning of treatment. ResultsWithin two weeks of treatment, there was no significant difference between the two groups in the effective rate (P ＞ 0.05) . But four and six weeks after treatment, the efficiency in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group (χ2=6.806, P ＜ 0.01; χ2=24.762, P ＜ 0.01) . Four and six weeks after treatment, Lequesne score of the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group (t=2.199, P ＜ 0.05; t=4.748, P ＜ 0.001) . There was no significant difference in terms of adverse reactions between the two groups before and after treatment (χ2=0.617, P ＞ 0.05) . ConclusionCompared with single hydrochloric amino glucose treatment, glucosamine hydrochloride combined with anti-osteoporosis treatment for senile knee osteoarthritis has better treatment effect without increase in adverse drug reactions, and it is worth of clinical application.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of low-magnitude vibration on osteogenesis of osteoblasts in ovariectomized rats with osteoporosis via estrogen receptor α(ERα). The mRNA expression of osteogenic markers were examined with qRT-PCR, based on which the optimal vibration parameter for promoting osteogenesis was determined (45 Hz × 0.9 g, g = 9.8 m/s2). Then we loaded the optimal vibration parameter on the osteoblasts of ovariectomized rats with osteoporosis. The protein expression of osteogenic markers and ERα were detected with Western blot; the distribution of ERα was examined with immunofluorescence technique. Finally, through inhibiting the expression of ERα with estrogen receptor inhibitor ICI182780, the protein and mRNA expression of osteogenic markers were examined. First, the results showed that low-magnitude vibration could promote the expression of osteogenic markers and ERα in osteoblasts of ovariectomized rats with osteoporosis (P < 0.05), and make ERα transfer to the nucleus. On the other hand, the results also showed that after inhibiting the expression of ERα in osteoblasts of ovariectomized rats with osteoporosis, the protein and mRNA expression of osteogenic marker were decreased (P < 0.05). In our study, low-magnitude vibration played an important role in the osteogenesis of osteoblasts in ovariectomized rats with osteoporosis through increasing the expression and causing translocation of ERα. Furthermore, it provides a theoretical basis for the application of low-magnitude vibration in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the influence of nicotine intake on bone microstructure, bone biomechanics, and oxidative stress state in rats. MethodsThirty-six 6-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats (weight, 160-180 g) were randomly divided into control group, low dose group, and high dose group, 12 rats each group. The rats in high dose group and low dose group were given respectively 6.0 mg/kg and 0.4 mg/kg nicotine gavage intervention for 12 months; no intervention was made in the control group. The survival of rats was observed during experiment, and the weight of rats was measured every month. At 12 months after modeling, the L1 vertebral body was harvested to measure the bone mineral density (BMD), bone volume fraction (BVF), trabecular thickness (TT), trabecular number (TN), and trabecular spacing (TS) by Micro-CT three-dimensional reconstruction; the left femur was harvested for biomechanical tests of maximal load, stiffness, and the maximal fracture energy; and arterial blood was extracted to measure the malonyldialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and cotinine. ResultsDuring the experiment, two rats and one rat were added in the high dose group and the low dose group because of death, and no death in the control group. The body weight of the rats in the high and low dose groups gradually decreased with time when compared with one in the control group, and significant difference was found between two dose groups and the control group at 8-12 months (P < 0.05); the body weight of the high dose group was significantly lower than that of the low dose group at 11 and 12 months (P < 0.05). At 12 months after modeling, BMD, BVF, TT, and TN were significantly lower in the high dose group than the control group and the low dose group, but TS was significantly increased (P < 0.05). Difference in BVF, TN, and TS was significant between the low dose group and the control group (P < 0.05). The maximal load, stiffness, and maximal fracture energy of femoral shaft were significantly lower in the high dose group than the control group and the low dose group, and in the low dose group than the control group (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the levels of cotinine and MDA were significantly increased, and the levels of CAT and SOD were significantly decreased in the high and low dose groups (P < 0.05), and there were significant differences between the high and low dose groups (P < 0.05). ConclusionNicotine intake can cause micro-structural changes of the bone, decreased bone mechanical properties, and imbalance of oxidation-antioxidant levels in rats. High-dose nicotine intake may be one of the causes of osteoporosis.
Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on bone mineral density (BMD) and fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Methods We searched MEDLINE (1966 to March 2008), EMBASE (1974 to March 2008), The Cochrane Library (Issue 1, 2008), Current Controlled Trials, The National Research Register, CBM (1983 to March 2008) and CNKI (1994 to March 2008). Some related journals were hand searched as well. The quality of included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was evaluated and meta-analysis was conducted by The Cochrane Collaboration’s software RevMan 4.2.10. Results Twelve studies involving 5550 patients were included. PTH alone or in combination with antiresorptive drugs reduced the risk of vertebral fracture (RR=0.34, 95%CI 0.26 to 0.45, Plt;0.000 01), and increased spine BMD (SMD 0.41, 95%CI 0.17 to 0.65, P=0.0009) and femoral neck BMD (SMD 0.13, 95%CI 0.03 to 0.22, P=0.008). The rate of drop out and loss to follow-up because of adverse events was significantly higher in the PTH group (Peto-OR=1.69, 95%CI 1.39 to 2.05, Plt;0.000 01). Conclusion PTH is effective in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis, especially in patients with preexisting osteoporotic fractures or with very low bone density. PTH alone or in combination with antiresorptive drugs can reduce the risk of vertebral fractures and increase spine and femoral neck BMD. PTH is more effective than alendronate, but these two should not be used as a combined treatment.
Methods of evidence-based medicine were used to discuss the drug treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. After clinical problems were put forward, we searched for and assessed the evidence. A rational treatment plan for osteoporosis patients with fractures was developed according to the results of systematic reviews and Meta-analysis.
As the incidence of osteoporosis (OP) is increasing year by year, high morbidity and mortality caused by osteoporotic fractures have become major problems of health in China and over the world. Quantitative measurement of bone using 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP) provides global or local information of skeletal metabolism or transformation. In this paper, we make a brief review on the quantitative measurement of bone using 99mTc-MDP and expect to provide guidance for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
ObjectiveTo investigate whether signal molecule mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) involves in the process of the mineralization and maturation of rat calvarial osteoblasts promoted by 50 Hz, 0.6 mT pulsed electromagnetic fields. MethodsRat calvarial osteoblasts were obtained by enzyme digestion from the skull of 6 neonatal Wistar rats of SPF level. The primary osteoblasts were treated in 50 Hz and 0.6 mT pulsed electromagnetic fields for 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, and 120 minutes; the protein expression of phosphorylated MAPKs was detected by Western blot. The osteoblasts were randomly divided into group A (control group), group B (low frequency pulse electromagnetic fields treatment group), group C (SB202190 group), and group D (SB202190+low frequency pulse electromagnetic fields treatment group); the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were tested after corresponding treatment for 1, 4, and 7 days. The corresponding treated more than 90% confluenced osteoblasts were cultured under condition of osteogenic induction, then ALP staining and alizarin red staining were carried out at 9 and 12 days respectively. ResultsThe results of Western blot showed that there was no significant changes in the protein expressions of phosphorylated level of extracellular signal-related kinases 1/2 and c-Jun amino N-terminal kinases 1/2 in 50 Hz, 0.6 mT pulsed electromagnetic fields P>0.05), but the phosphorylated level of p38 began to increase at 5 minutes, peaked at 40 minutes, then gradually decreased, and it was significantly higher at 5-120 minutes than at 0 minute (P<0.05). After the activities of p-p38 was inhibited by inhibitor SB202190, the ALP activities, positive colonies and area of ALP and calcified nodules of group B were significantly higher than groups A, C, and D (P<0.05). Conclusionp38 is one of the signal molecules involved in the process of the mineralization and maturation of rat calvarial osteoblasts promoted by 50 Hz, 0.6 mT pulsed electromagnetic fields.
Objective To explore the differences between transient osteoporosis of the hi p (TOH) and bone marrow edema (BME) associated with osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) in terms of cl inical practice and imaging. Methods From January 2006 to February 2008, 5 hips of TOH in 5 cases (1 male and 4 females, aged 29-42 years) and 67 hips of BME associated with ONFH in 63 cases (53 males and 10 females, aged 18-70 years) were analyzed. According to ARCO classification, there were 23 hi ps of stage II, 43 hi ps of stage III, and 1 hi p of stage IV. The induced factors, the degree of pain, the duration of pain and commemorative symptoms were compared. The X-ray, MRI and ECT were also compared. Results There were no differences in induced factors, the degree of pain, joint effusion and ECT between TOH and BME associated with ONFH. TOH had no risk factors, antecedent symptoms and commemorative pain. There were 2 hips with TOH which showed osteopenia on X-ray films. The location of edema was in the superior part or the whole femoral head.A total of 65 hips with BME associated with ONFH had related causes of disease, 10 had antecedent pain and 59 had change of hardening on X-ray films. The X-ray films showed sclerotic area and the edema changes on MRI surrounded the necrotic lesion. The pain just amel iorated when BME disappeared. Conclusion There are differences between TOH and BME associated with ONFH on symptoms, X-ray films and MRI.
Objective To summary the functional roles and molecular mechanisms of microRNA (miRNA) in osteoblast differentiation so as to supply information for basic and cl inical researches. Methods Recent l iterature concerning miRNA in osteoblast differentiation was reviewed. The information was classified and summarized. Results miRNAs critically regulate bone morphogenetic protein, transforming growth factor β, and Wnt/β-catenin signal ing pathways during osteoblast differentiation. In pathological conditions, especially in some disorders of abnormal osteoblast differentiation, downregulated miRNA expression has been observed. Conclusion miRNA may represent a novel biomarker for diagnosis, and a candidate target therapies for the disorders with abnormal osteoblast differentiation.