【Abstract】ObjectiveTo study the mechanism of spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MethodsArticles have been reviewed to find out the theory of spontaneous rupture of HCC. ResultsResearchful results suggested that the injury of small arteries was usually followed in patients of spontaneous rupture of HCC. In this review, the immune complex, which composed of hepatitis B virus e antigen, complement C1q and immunoglobulins, was found deposited in the elastic membrane of arteries. Likely as a result of immune complex deposition, vascular injury occurs mainly in the small arteries where the deposition of immune complex was present. The small arteries in which immune complex deposited are readily injuried and cause hemorrhage and rupture of HCC during vascular load increase. ConclusionWe would conclude that immune complex deposition in vessel wall led to the small arteries injury may be the factor involved in the pathogenesis of spontaneous ruptured HCC.
Objective To observe the influence of the expression of CD18 on the neutrophile and the leukocyte adhesion to retinal vascular endothelium by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1alpha;) in early diabetic retinopathy rats. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats received intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin to induce diabetes model. 18 diabetic rats were divided into 3 groups randomly after 2 months of diabetes induction, including diabetic group (group B), HIF-1alpha; anti-sense oligonucleotides (ASODN) injection group (group C) and HIF-1alpha; sense oligonucleotides (SODN) injection group (group D), the age and weigh matched health rats were chosen as control group (group A), with 6 rats in each group. Then group A and B rats received 5% glucose solution caudalis veins injection, group C and group D rats received HIF-1alpha; ASODN and HIF-1alpha; SODN caudalis veins injection, respectively(025 mg/kg).The level of CD18 on the neutrophil isolated from the peripheral blood was measured by flow cytometry. Retinal leukostasis was quantified with acridine orange leukocyte fluorography. Results The percentage of CD18 positive neutrophil cell was（44.93plusmn;3.60）% in group B，（18.66plusmn;1.52）% in group A，（31.66plusmn;4.72）% in group C，（51.00plusmn;5.66）% in group D. Compared with each other groups，the differences are statistically significant （F=42.46, Plt;0.001）. The number of positive staining cells of retinal leukocyte was （46.16plusmn;10.68）in group A，（133.83plusmn;20.43）in group B,（99.83plusmn;9.28）in group C，（121.33plusmn;10.23） in group C. Compared group B with group C，the number of positive staining cells raised about 2.89 times；compared group B with group C and D，the differences are statistically significant （P=0.12，95% confidence interval -3.69~28.69）. Conclusions In vivo, HIF-1alpha; can decreased the expression of CD18 on neutrophils from diabetic ratsprime; peripheral blood and the collection of retinal leukostasis in the diabetic animals. HIF-1alpha; may serve as a therapeutic target for the treatment and/or prevention of early diabetic retinopathy. （Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis，2008，24：268-271）
Objective To evaluate which is better method zymogen or low temperature frozen in removing vascular endothelial cell so as to lay a foundation for creating a kind of brace which is not to be rejected and the same as own blood vessel. Methods Fresh and not damaged umbilical blood vessel was collected from natural labour women, human umbilical blood vessel was remove carefully from normal foetus, then was put into disinfectant at 37℃ for 24 hours. They were divided into 3 groups:normal group(NG),zymogen group(ZG) and low temperature frozen group(LG). ZG: 0.1% collagenⅡ enzyme was addedin umbilical blood vessel and closed the both sides and the vascular endothelialcell was removed in 37℃ water. LG:Umbilical blood vessel was put into liquidnitrogen for 24 hours after frozened step by step, and then it was put into 37℃ water for 30-60 s and the vascular endothelial cells were washed away by normal saline. NG:Umbilical blood vessel was kept into 4℃ Kerb’s liquid. The bacteria were culturedin each group. The samples were stained by HE,elastic fiber and collagen fiberwere observed by light and scanning electron microscope. The difference of compliance was compared. Human leukocyte antigen ABC(HLA-ABC) and HLA-DR were observed by immunohistochemical method and the expression of antigen of umbilical blood vessel was analysed. Results In LG, umbilical vascular endothelial cells were removed completely; artery showed vertical smooth muscle and vein showed elastic membrane. InZG, umbilical vascular endothelial cells were removed completely after 20 minutes;artery showed vertical smooth muscle cells and vein showed lower endothelial layer. The vascular compliance in LG was higher than that in NG, and the latter was also higher than that in ZG,but showing no significant differences (Pgt;0.05). The compliance of umbilical vein was 2-3 times as much asthat of umbilical artery.The expression of HLA-ABC and HLA-DR in LG andZG were lower than that in NG, showing significant differences (Plt;0.01). Conclusion Low temperature frozen methodand zymogen method(0.1% collagen Ⅱ enzyme for 20 min) can remove vascular endothelial cells of human umbilical blood vessel completely.Low temperature frozenmethod was better than zymogen method.
Purpose To investigate whether experimental autoimmune uveitis can be induced equally in different rats by urea soluble fraction of bovine melanin-associated antigen(USF-BMAA),and,if so,difference among them. Methods Lewis rats,F344 rats,Wistar rats were immunized with USF-BMAA emulsified with complete Freud is adijuvant and Bordelella pertussis to induce experimental autoimmune uveitis.The animal models were investigated clinically and histopathologically and compared with each other. Rusults Experimental autoimmune uveitis could be induced in Lewis rats,F344 rats and Wistar rats with US-BMAA.Clinical and histopathalogical examination showed that bilateral ocular inflammation developed after immunization 9-13 days.Although inflammation was mainly located in anterior uvea,a mild focal choroiditis was noted in those with severe anterior inflammation.No inflammation was observed in the retina and pineal gland.Experimental autoimmune uveieis induced with USF-BMAA was similar to experimental autoimmune anterior uveitis incited with BMAA presented by other authors.Inflammation induced with USF-BMAA in F344 rats and in Lewis rats was quite similar in the severity and course of the model.But the inflammation was less in Wistar rats compared with that in Lewis rats and F344 rats. Conclusion Experimental autoimmune anterior uveitis was successfully induced with USF-BMAA in Lewis rats,F344 rats and Wistar rats.The difference with regard to the severity among these aminals were propably attributed to their genetic bankground. (Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis,1998,14:149-152)
Objective To study degradation of the antigen-extracted meniscus in PBS solution with no enzyme or with different enzymes. Methods Four types of enzymes (collagenase, hyaluronidase, trypsin, papain) were used to enzymolyze the antigen-extracted meniscus and the fresh meniscus for 3, 7, 15 and 30 days (37℃). The antigenextracted meniscus and the fresh meniscus were immersed in PBS solution (37℃) for 30 days. Weight loss measurement, UV spectrophotometry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the degraded materials. Results The two types of the materials were remarkably digested under the enzymes, especially under trypsin. The degradation curves showed that the antigen-extracted meniscus was enzymolyzed less than the fresh meniscus. The degradation products were grouped as amino, peptide, and polyose by the analysis. Both of the materials could hardly behydrolyzed in PBS solution without the enzymes. The four different enzymes had different surface morphologies under the examination of SEM. Conclusion The antigen-extracted meniscus is enzymolyzed more slowly than the fresh meniscus in vitro, and the result can be used as a guideline to the further research.
ObjectivesTo systematically review the risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with hepatic B surface antigen (HBsAg).MethodsScopus, EMbase, PubMed, and The Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched for relevant studies on HCC after HBsAg seroclearance from inception to October 31st, 2017. Two reviewers independently screened literature, extracted the data, and evaluated the risk of bias in the included studies. Meta-analysis was then conducted using R 3.5.3 software.ResultsA total of 28 studies involving 105 411 patients were included. Among 105 411 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), 7 656 patients occurred spontaneously HBsAg seroclearance, while 1 248 patients had HBsAg seroclearance after interferon or nucleoside analogue therapy. The rate of HBsAg seroclearance was 6.77%. Meta-analysis showed that risk factors for HCC after serum HBsAg conversion included cirrhosis (OR=6.43, 95%CI 3.56 to 11.60, P<0.001), male (OR=2.72, 95%CI 1.66 to 4.46,P<0.001), and age ≥50 years at HBsAg seroclearance (OR=3.71, 95%CI 2.17 to 6.35,P<0.001).ConclusionsPatients with CHB after HBsAg seroclearance are still at risk of developing HCC. Therefore, periodic surveillance is recommended, especially for male patients, patients with cirrhosis, and patients who experience HBsAg seroclearance when over 50.
The expression of T antigen in rectal cancer and mucosa remote from carcinoma by immunohistochemistry was investigated. Mucin protein was also examined by HID-AB staining. The results showed that the expression of T antigen in rectal cancer was much ber than those in 10cm mucosa remote from carcinoma and no significant difference as compared with 5cm mucosa. The sialomucin reactions in 5cm and 10cm mucosa remote from carcinoma were 45% and 20% respectively. The coincident sialomucin positive reaction and expression of T antigen were found in 40% 5cm remote mucosa .There is significant correlation between them (Ｐ＜0.05). The authors conclude that the expression of tumorrelated antigen and change of mucin protein in remote mucosa without malignant invasion may suggest the malignant potential of the mucosa. Further investigations should be performed into the effect of these changes on the local recurrence after redical resection of rectal cancer.
ObjectiveTo summarize the results of testing and analysis of antigen and antibody for diseases under the frame of children's immunization program, in order to know the effects of prevention and control of such diseases in this area. MethodsA total of 150 children from each of the 5 communities or administrative villages in Yongning District of Nanning City were selected for our survey between January and December 2012. The 150 children were composed of 30 children (residents, 1-6 years old, 5 children from each different age group) randomly selected from each of the four directions (east, south, west and north) and the mid-area of each community or village. The serum samples were collected to analyze the existence of poliomyelitis antibody, measles antibody, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb), and diphtheria antibody. ResultsAmong the 150 school-age children, antibody immune qualified rate was high for hepatitis B (HBV) antigen, in which the HBsAg immune qualified rate was 99.3%, and HBsAb immune qualified rate was 88.0%, showing no significant difference between boys and girls (P>0.05). All poliomyelitis Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ antibody positive rates reached 100.0%. Measles antibody test results were also satisfying for each age group, among whom the 2 and 3 year-olds reached a positive rate of the highest, 100%, and the 1, 4, 5, and 6 year-old children had a measles antibody positive rate of 96.0%, 84.0%, 88.0%, and 96.0%, respectively. The positive rate for diphtheria antibody was 100%. ConclusionThe antibody and antigen detection and analysis results for the children's immune program targeted diseases are generally satisfying in this area. Especially, the prevention of poliomyelitis and diphtheria is the best. However, prevention of HBV and measles is not as good. Therefore, tracking immunization coverage, promoting public awareness on immune planning, actively participating in the vaccination of children should be enhanced for further disease prevention.
ObjectiveTo observe the expression of CD147, matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in a rat model of oxygen induced retinopathy (OIR). MethodsEighty-four neonatal Wistar rats were divided into two groups randomly, the hyperoxia group (n=42) and the control group (n=42). Oxygen induced retinopathy was established in the hyperoxia group, the control group was raised in room air. Wholemonts were prepared from postnatal day (p) 7 and 14 rat retina to observe retinal vascular morphology. The number of endothelial cells to break through the internal limiting membrane was counted from p14 retinal paraffin sections. Expression of CD147, MMP-2 and VEGF protein levels was analyzed by immunohistochemistry on p12, p14, and p16 retinal sections. At the meantime, correlation between CD147 and MMP-2, VEGF was analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. ResultsAt p7, the retinal vasculature of the control group was radial distributed with large caliber. In OIR group, there were vasoconstriction, large area of avascular zone and a few small areas of vascular network. At p14, the normal untreated rat had interwoven retinal vasculature, but in OIR group, the retinal vasculature was expanded and tortuous, and forming lots of neovascular cluster in the boundary of the perfusion and non-perfusion regions resulting exudation and hemorrhage. At p14, the endothelial cell nuclei breakthrough the internal limiting membrane was (1.30±1.26) and (19.70±3.56) respectively in control and OIR group, the difference was statistically significant (t=21.813, P<0.01). Immunohistochemical staining showed that CD147, MMP-2, VEGF expression was low in control group but high in OIR group. From p12 to p16, CD147, MMP-2 and VEGF protein expression increased in OIR retinas compared with control samples(p12:t=5.612, 4.122, 4.955; P<0.01. p14:t=11.390, 8.047, 12.176; P<0.01. p16:t=6.355, 4.422, 5.110; P<0.01). ConclusionCD147, MMP-2 and VEGF were highly expressed in the rat model of oxygen induced retinopathy.
Insufficient supply of organ for allotransplantation made the study on finding new organ resources from animal progress. Pig is regarded as one of the optimal donor animals for human. The major obstacle in this field is hyperacute reaction (HAR), which is triggered after the xenogenic natural antibodies preexisting in recipient blood combine to the antigens on the surface of the endothelium and activate the complement system. alpha-Galactose residues (alpha-Gal) on the endothelial cell have been identified as the major xenoantigens. NJZ Pig has been closely breed since 1938, whose family history is clear. Tissue samples from heart, liver, kidney, pancreas, lung, small intestine, skin, spleen, thymus and lymph node were obtained and embedded in paraffin. The sections were performed the immunohistochemical staining with the sera from health volunteers (including all the blood types) as the primary antibodies as well as the biotin labeled bandeirae simplicifolia I isolectin B4 (BS I-B4), which has specific affinity to alpha-galactose. All the staining sections were compared with the tissues digested with alpha-galactosidase. There was no difference between the antigens recognized by sera of different blood types. alpha-Gal was still the major xenoantigen on the endothelial cells. There might exist non-alpha-Gal antigens on the distal convoluted tubules and collecting tubules of the kidney. There was no alpha-Gal distributing on the secreting part of pancreas, either the islet cells or the matrix cells, but surely on pancreatic duct and vessels. All the antigenity was destroyed after the enzyme digestion except that the small intestine gland still positive with the BS I-B4. alpha-Gal is the major xenogenic antigen in NJZ Pigs. There exist some unknown antigens on the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney. The blood type of recipient is not the first affair to be considered in pig-to-human xenotransplantation. The specificity of BS I-B4 for the alpha-galactose needs more detail research.