ObjectiveTo systematically review the thromboembolic risk of Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitors. MethodsWe searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases from their inception until March 2025. Quality was assessed using Cochrane Risk of Bias-2. STATA 15 software was used for network meta-analysis. ResultsA total of 68 randomized controlled trials with a sample size of 39 059 were included. Findings did not show a significant difference between JAK inhibitors and placebo, methotrexate, tumor necrosis factor -α inhibitor, apremilast, otilimab in the risk of thromboembolism. ConclusionJAK inhibitors do not increase thromboembolism risk. To clarify the long-term safety of JAK inhibitors, future large-scale real-world studies with long-term follow-up are needed, especially in patients at risk of thromboembolism.
Near-infrared fluorescence imaging technology, which possesses superior advantages including real-time and fast imaging, high spatial and temporal resolution, and deep tissue penetration, shows great potential for tumor imaging in vivo and therapy. Ⅰ-Ⅲ-Ⅵ quantum dots exhibit high brightness, broad excitation, easily tunable emission wavelength and superior stability, and do not contain highly toxic heavy metal elements such as cadmium or lead. These advantages make Ⅰ-Ⅲ-Ⅵ quantum dots attract widespread attention in biomedical field. This review summarizes the recent advances in the controlled synthesis of Ⅰ-Ⅲ-Ⅵ quantum dots and their applications in tumor imaging in vivo and therapy. Firstly, the organic-phase and aqueous-phase synthesis of Ⅰ-Ⅲ-Ⅵ quantum dots as well as the strategies for regulating the near-infrared photoluminescence are briefly introduced; secondly, representative biomedical applications of near-infrared-emitting cadmium-free quantum dots including early diagnosis of tumor, lymphatic imaging, drug delivery, photothermal and photodynamic therapy are emphatically discussed; lastly, perspectives on the future directions of developing quantum dots for biomedical application and the faced challenges are discussed. This paper may provide guidance and reference for further research and clinical translation of cadmium-free quantum dots in tumor diagnosis and treatment.