Objective To systematically review the association between Chinese eye exercises and myopia onset in children and adolescents to provide a theoretical basis for clinical prevention of myopia. Methods The PubMed, Web of Science, EMbase, The Cochrane Library, CNKI, VIP, WanFang Data and CBM databases were searched from inception to March 2022 to collect observational studies about the association between Chinese eye exercises and myopia onset in children and adolescents. Two reviewers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias of the included studies. Meta-analysis was then performed using RevMan 5.3 software. Results A total of 28 studies were included, including 217 112 subjects. The results of meta-analysis showed that doing eye exercises, doing eye exercises ≥2 times per day, doing eye exercises regularly or consistently, doing eye exercises seriously and doing eye exercises correctly and normatively were the protective factors of myopia onset in children and adolescents. Conclusion Current evidence shows that doing eye exercises, doing eye exercises ≥2 times per day, doing eye exercises regularly or consistently, doing eye exercises seriously, doing eye exercises correctly and normatively can prevent myopia onset in children and adolescents. Due to the limited quantity and quality of the included studies, more high-quality studies are needed to verify the above conclusion.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of form deprivation myopia on optic nerve head and retinal morphology in guinea pigs using optical coherence tomography (OCT). MethodsTwenty guinea pigs aged from 4 to 5 weeks were chosen and randomly divided into the experimental group and control group, with 10 guinea pigs in each group. Form deprivation myopia was established for the right eyes of guinea pigs in experimental group for 4 weeks. The guinea pigs of control group were not intervened. Before and 4 weeks after form deprivation, refraction was measured by retinoscopy after cycloplegia; the axial length was measured by A-scan ultrasound; retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, optic nerve head and retinal morphology of guinea pigs were analyzed using OCT. ResultsBefore form deprivation, there were no statistically significant differences in spherical equivalent, axial length, RNFL thickness, disc edge area, optic disc area, average cup disc ratio, vertical cup disc ratio, cup volume, retinal thickness, or retinal volume between the experimental group and control group of guinea pig (P > 0.05). After 4 weeks of form deprivation, RNFL thickness of (64.9±17.7) μm in guinea pigs in experimental group was thinner compared to (97.9±25.1) μm in control group (t=-2.845, P=0.015). Retinal thickness of (142.7±3.4) μm in guinea pigs in experimental group was thicker compared to (138.4±3.5) μm in control group (t=2.338, P=0.038). There were no significant differences in disc edge area, optic disc area, average cup disc ratio, vertical cup disc ratio, cup volume or retinal volume between groups (P > 0.05). There were statistically significant differences in spherical equivalent, axial length, RNFL thickness, vertical cup to disc ratio cup volume, and retinal thickness between after and before form deprivation in the right eye of guinea pigs in the experimental groups (t=46.001, -50.119, 5.385, 3.447, -2.814, -8.911; P < 0.05), while there were no statistically significant differences in disc edge area, optic disc area, average cup disc ratio, or retinal volume (P > 0.05). ConclusionForm deprivation myopia has an effect on RNFL and retinal thickness.
The fundus lesions caused by high myopia (HM) often lead to irreversible visual impairment or even blindness. However, the pathogenesis of HM and its fundus lesions is still unclear, the intraocular fluid detection technology of micro samples has brought new prospects for the early diagnosis, monitoring and intervention of the fundus lesions. The molecules associated with HM are various and functionally diverse, intermolecular interactions are staggered and the specific mechanism is complex. With the development of intraocular fluid detection technology, while gradually revealing the role of each molecule in the pathogenesis of HM, it is expected to successfully assist clinical work in the future, providing outpost markers for the progress of myopia and targets for early intervention, or providing a new therapy choice for HM fundus lesions at the molecular level targeting pathogenesis, which is expected to provide more accurate and effective treatment for HM patients in the future.
PURPOSE:To examine the role of apoptosis in photoreceptor cells degeneration process in Pathologic myopia. METHODS: Nine human eyes with pathologic myopia were studied by histopathologic and TDT-mediated biotin-dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) techniques. RESULT:The characteristic DNA fragmentation of apoptosis was observed in scattered photoreceptor cells in 4 of 9 eyes. CONCLUSION:The results suggested that apoptosis is one of the pathways of photoreceptor cells death in retinal degeneration of pathologic myopia. （Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis,1996,12: 144-146 ）
ObjectiveTo objectively quantitative assess the visual quality in patients with myopic foveoschisis (MF) using a double-pass optical quality analysis system (OQASⅡ). MethodsSixty-two subjects participated in this cross-sectional, observational study, who were divided into three groups based on the pathologic conditions including myopic foveoschisis group (MFG), myopic control group (MCG) and normal control group (NCG). Measurements with OQASⅡwere performed for the modulation transfer function cut off frequency (MTF cut-off), the Strehl ratio (SR) and the objective scatter index (OSI). Visual data were analyzed using ANOVA and Pearson's correlation accompanied by logMAR BCVA and axial length (AL). ResultsThe mean values for MTF cut-off, SR and OSI of MFG, MCG and NCG were 18.18±4.81, 0.13±0.03, 3.50±0.44; 22.87±2.66, 0.14±0.02, 2.42±0.29; 33.68±4.70, 0.23±0.02, 1.68±0.20 respectively, and statistical difference were proved except SR between MFG and MCG, or BCVA between MCG and NCG (P < 0.05). LogMAR BCVA and AL have negative correlations to MTF cut-off (r=-0.928, -0.658; P < 0.05) and SR (r=-0.577, -0.893; P < 0.05) with high coefficients in MFG. Log MAR BCVA has negative correlations to MTF cut-off and SR (r=-0.659, -0.806; P < 0.05) in MCG. Log MAR BCVA has negative correlations to MTF cut-off and SR (r=-0.606, -0.602; P < 0.05) and positively correlated to OSI (r=0.561, P < 0.05) in NCG. ConclusionsThe mean value of BCVA, MTF cut-off, SR, OSI of myopic foveoschisis patients were lower than those myopic patients without foveoschisis and normal people. there exists a significant negative correlation between Log MAR BCVA, AL to MTF cut-off and SR. Compared with myopic and normal subjects, myopic foveoschisis have lower BCVA, MTF cut-off, SR but higher OSI.
Objectives To investigate the expression of pax-6 in ret ina of in fant monkeys with myopia induced by optical defocus, and to determine the role of pax-6 would play or not in onset and development of myopia and emmetropization.Methods Nine healthy infant rhesus monkeys, aged from 1 to 3 months, were selected and wore spectacle lenses or underwent photorefractive keratectomy (PRK).Transcription polymerase chain reaction method and quantitative analysis were used to determine the expression of pax-6 in the retina with myopia induced by optical defocus in different time, and the result was compared with that in retina without myopia.Results The myopia caused by hyperopic defocus was found. The expression of pax-6 in the retina with myopia induced by optical defocus was significantly higher than that in the retina without myopia（t=3.480，P=0.004）.Conclusions The expression of pax-6 is enhanced by hyperopic defocus in the infant monkey retina, which suggests that pax-6 may be involved in vision-dependent eye growth and emmetropization. (Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis，2003，19：201-268)
ObjectiveTo evaluate the safety and efficacy of amniotic membrane patching in the treatment of recurrent macular hole associated with retinal detachment of high myopia (MHRD). MethodsA prospective study. From March 2018 to January 2020, 11 patients (11 eyes) of recurrent macular hole associated with MHRD at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were enrolled. Among them, there were 3 males (3 eyes), and 8 females (8 eyes). The average age was 63.64±5.82. The axis length (AL) was 29.10±0.59 mm, and the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution best corrected visual acuity (logMAR BCVA) was 2.23±0.57. Patients previously received pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) combined with internal limiting membrane stripping surgery, which was more than 1 time. All eyes underwent standard pars plana three-channel 23G PPV combined with amniotic membrane covering and silicone oil filling. The silicone oil was removed 6 months after surgery. Follow-up time was up to 3 months after silicone oil removal surgery. 1, 3, and 6 months after the operation, the same equipment and methods were used to conduct relevant examinations before the operation to observe the closure of the macular hole, retinal reattachment and changes in logMAR BCVA. The logMAR BCVA before and after surgery was compared by paired t test. ResultsAt 1, 3, and 6 months after the operation, the retinas of all eyes were anatomically repositioned, the macular holes were well closed, and the amniotic membrane was attached to the retina. At 3 months after the silicone oil removal operation, there was no recurrence of macular hole in all eyes; logMAR BCVA was 1.35±0.32. No serious complications occurred during and after surgery in all eyes. ConclusionAmniotic membrane patching is a safe and effective method for recurrent macular hole associated with MHRD.
PURPOSE:To observe the clinical features of the macular hemorrhage in myopes. METHOD:Twenty-four patients(30 eyes)with myopic macular hemorrhage were examined with slitlamp biomicroscopy,funduscope,A/B ultrasonography,and fundus fluorecein angiography(FFA). The patients were followed up for 3~18 months(average 12 months). RESULTS: Four of 26 eyes with macular hemorrhage examined with FFA were found to be due to choroidal neovaseulature,and they were associated with posterior staphyloma. The other 22 eyes without neovascular change were thought to be simple type,and 19 of them were associated with lacquer cracks. The hemorrhage in simple type cases deminished usually within 1~3 months. CONCLUSION:Myopic macular hemorrhagic eyes of neovascular type resulted usually in recurrent hemorrhage and worse prognosis in visual acuity than those of simple type. （Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis,1996,12: 220-222）
Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of combined surgery of anterior and posterior segment and silicon oil tamponade on macular hole retinal detachment in eyes with high myopia.Methods The clinical data of 48 high myopia patients (48 eyes) with macular hole retinal detachment were retrospectively analyzed. Retinal detachment was mainly at the posterior pole; macular hole was confirmed by noncontact Hruby lens and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Phacoemulsification combined with pars plana vitrectomy and silicon oil tamponade were performed to all patients, of which 41 had undergone internal limiting membrane peeling, and 23 had intraocular lens implanting. The oil had been removed 3.5-48.0 months after the first surgery and OCT had been performed before the removal. The followup period after the removal of the silicon oil was more than 1 year.Results The edge of the macular hole could not be seen under the noncontact Hruby lens 1 week after the surgery in all but 5 patients, and the visual acuity improved. The silicon oil had been removed in all of the 48 patients; the OCT scan before the removal showed that the closed macular holes can be in U shape (8 eyes), V shape (6 eyes) or W shape (23 eyes). About 1338 months after the oil removal, retinal detachment recurred in 2 patients with the Wshaped holes. At the end of the followup period, 16 patients (33.3%) had U or Vshaped macular holes, and 32 patients (66.7%) had Wshaped macular holes. The rate of retinal reattachment was 100%.Conclusion Combined surgery of anterior and posterior segment and silicon oil tamponade is effective on macular hole retinal detachment in eyes with high myopia.
Treatment of macular hole associated retinal detachment in high myopia has progressively evolved over the years, including the scleral buckling, simple intravitreal gas injection, pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), PPV combined with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling or transplantation and so on. Simple vitreous gas injection is less traumatic and good for the patients with small holes and localized retinal detachment. PPV combined with ILM peeling can achieve better treatment effects for small holes with wide retinal detachment. But for large holes with wide retinal detachment, PPV combined with ILM transplantation is necessary to improve the macular holes closure rate. If the ILM has been peeled before, the lens capsule could be a nice substitute for ILM. The scleral surgery can solve the problem of posterior scleral staphyloma and effectively control the elongation of the axial length. However, there is still no one surgery could deal with all the problems of high myopia, we should consider all the circumstances like the size of the macular hole and the range of the retinal detachment to choose the best individualized therapy.