Objective To investigate the current situation, problems of medicinal biotechnology in China, and to provide the relevant countermeasures for its development. Methods We surveyed the units which could carry out medicinal biotechnology projects in 30 provinces except Tibet, and compared the results with that in America.Results The questionnaire were returned from 25 provinces (83.4%), and there were 1 477 medicinal biotechnology projects carried out by 149 units in the past 10 years. These projects ranged from basic biotechnology to regenerative medicine and stem cell researches. The basic research projects constituted quite large percentage among all the projects. But the development levels in different areas were imbalanced, cross correlation with the development levels of economy. An echelon team of talents has been developed, most of them were trained in China. The invested capital differed considerably among units, in general the amounts were insufficient. Most invested capital came from the government. The number of patent application for projects based on independent-developed technology was small. This showed that project principals had a poor understanding of patents. More than half of units did not have a Bioethics Committee. From the search result for documents, the number of articles on stem research of China was close to that in America; and the number of articles on gene treatment and tissue engineering has already exceeded that of America. However, research on gene diagnosis of China was lagging far behind America. Conclusions An echelon team of talents has been developed, most of them are trained in China.We should give full play to the advantage of the distribution of qualified personal resources in developed economical areas so as to promote the applicability and popularity of medicinal biotechnology in less developed areas.Regarding to applicability and development, we should first develop applied technology to form the core competetiveness of basic research, technology development and application; we should also strengthen the training in ethics and regulation to establish a set of scientific assessment of medicinal biotechnology and management system.
ObjectiveTo investigate the recognition of cold in pharmacy college students. MethodsInvestigation on the recognition of cold, treatment and anti-cold drugs were carried out by questionnaires among 158 pharmacy college students from March to July, 2013. ResultsThe annual cold frequency was mainly between once and twice in these students. The cold therapy cost in a year was between 10 and 50 Yuan, and the treatment cycle of cold was mainly between 3 and 7 days. The students were familiar with the inducement and symptoms of cold, but they didn't get adequate message of non-chemoprophylaxis methods on cold. The students knew anti-cold drugs mainly by pharmacist in drugstores, doctors and advertisements. Traditional Chinese Medicine decoction and Chinese and Western medicine mixture were their favorite drug types, and capsule, tablet and oral solution were their favorite dosage forms. ConclusionIt is necessary to strengthen college students' ability to recognize and treat cold correctly by comprehensive measures.
Objective To investigate the performance of Essential Medicine List (EML) policy over the past one year in Xintian Township Health Center (XTHC), so as to provide references for the delivery, storage and compensation mechanism of essential medicine for township hospitals. Methods Focus interview combined with a questionnaire was carried out to investigate the supply and usage of EML, the situation of both diagnosis-treatment services and the income-expenditure change before and after EML policy. Results a) It showed that there was an increasing trend with the preparation rate of EML from 62.2% before implementation to 87.3% after, and the proportion of EML income to total medicine expenses increased from 39.3% to 90.6% in XTHC. But problems still existed such as incomplete and old variety of medicine; b) The numbers of outpatient-time and inpatient-time kept growing, while medical cost for both average clinic cost and average hospitalization cost decreased to different extent; c) Although the gross income increased slightly, this center was still running in the red with the limited amount of financial assistance; and d) The proportion of medical care and drug kept decreasing while the proportion of drug cost and examination cost kept increasing. Compared with the situation in 2009, the proportion of examination cost from 2010 to 2011 had increased by 30%, and it still remained at the previous level after EML implementation. Conclusion The implementation of EML does not completely change the predicament of “Make compensation for doctors by selling drugs” in township health center. Owing to the sale policy of zero price difference and the poor performance of compensation for township health centers, XTHC is still running under deficit. Evidence-based medicine selection and research on compensation mechanism for underdeveloped areas are urgently needed.
ObjectivesTo investigate the prevalence of respiratory diseases and lung function of school-age children in Chongqing and to compare them with that of children in 25 years ago and to explore the possible causes of this change.MethodsAccording to the air quality data of Chongqing from 1998 to 2016, the annual variation of air quality days and pollutant concentrations were plotted. 2 126 school-age children in two districts of Chongqing were selected by random cluster sampling for questionnaires. 771 children were randomly selected from the children who completed the questionnaire for pulmonary function tests. The results were compared with that of 25 years ago.ResultsFrom 1998 to 2016, the number of days with good air quality in Chongqing increased annually, and the concentration of SO2 decreased significantly. The main air pollution composition changed from SO2 to PM10 and PM2.5. The prevalence of bronchitis (P<0.05) was higher than that of 25 years ago. After adjusting for confounding factors by multivariate logistic regression, the OR value of bronchitis in children was 1.667 (P<0.05) compared with 25 years ago. After adjusting for age, sex, height and weight by multiple linear regression, the results showed that the subjects' lung function indexes (FVC, FEV1, PEF and FEV3) were lower than that of 25 years ago. In this survey, there were differences in lung function indexes between children with different frequency of eating fruits and dairy products (P<0.05), and those with high frequency consumption were higher than low frequency. In terms of exercise time, subjects exercising ≥1 hour/day had greater FVC and FEV3 values than those exercising <1 hour/day (P<0.05).ConclusionsThe overall air quality in Chongqing has improved from 1998 to 2016; The respiratory health of children has decreased when compared with that of 25 years ago. Changes in the composition of air pollutants may endanger children's respiratory health, and fruit and dairy foods and exercise may be protective factors for children's respiratory health.
Objective To investigate the awareness of rational use of drug (RUD) on medical workers in hospitals of different ranks, the establishment and execution of relevant strategies in hospitals of different ranks, and the main factors affecting RUD on medical workers, so as to provide references for the generalization of RUD. Methods A certain number of different ranks of hospitals in Chengdu and Zigong were randomly selected by the convenience sample method. Medical workers in each hospital were selected through face-to-face interviews with a self-designed questionnaire. Monte Carlo Chi-square analysis was applied on the hospital ranks and formulation of RUD guidelines, and logistic regression analysis was performed on the awareness of RUD knowledge of the respondents. Results Among 700 questionnaires distributed, 672 were retrieved (response rate 96.0%). The numbers of respondents who were familiar with the Pharmaceutical Affairs Councils (PACs) as well as the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committees (PTCs) were 217 (32.29%) and 83 (12.35%), respectively. The number of respondents who understood the concept of essential medicine was 502 (74.71%). A total of 441 (61.16%) medical workers had been trained on RUD, 199 (29.61%) medical workers denied there were PTCs in their hospitals, and 60.71% of the medical workers mentioned that the use of drug was monitored and controlled with the feedback in their hospitals. The result of logistic regression analysis indicated that the professional title (P=0.038), awareness of essential medicine (Plt;0.001) and participation of RUD training (P=0.008) were the factors influencing the awareness of RUD. Conclusion Both management and education should be executed at the same time to elevate the level of rational use of drug. In order to increase the level of RUD we should complete monitoring institution and improving RUD awareness of workers. Additionally enhancing the rationality of medication should be performed by establishing guidelines of treatment or medication. Improving personal knowledge, scientific information and medication custom should be performed by standardizing regulations, strengthening management, emphasizing education and promoting communication between doctors and patients.
ObjectiveTo investigate the awareness situation on the ARRIVE guideline and the Gold Standard Publication Checklist (GSPC) of animal experiments in researchers in animal experiments field in Lanzhou city, in order to improve the promotion of the two reporting guidelines in China. MethodsA self-designed questionnaire was used to investigate the clinical graduate students and teachers in medical college in Lanzhou city. The investigation contents mainly included the basic information of the respondents, the awareness situation on the ARRIVE guideline, GSPC and other medical reporting guidelines. SPSS 21.0 software was used for data analysis. ResultsA total of 329 questionnaires (40 were from teachers and 289 were from graduate students) were issued, of which, 287 questionnaires were effective. The results showed that the awareness rate on the ARRIVE guideline and GSPC in clinical graduate students and teachers in medical college in Lanzhou city were 11.8% and 12.5%, respectively, and there was no significant difference between students and teachers in awareness rate (P=0.903). The survey approaches, the age, education, job, and the organization of the respondents were all not the influence factors of awareness rate (P>0.05). The respondents knew about the reporting guidelines mainly through the website (33.4%), related studies (21.2%) and academic reports (17.4%). ConclusionThe awareness rate on the ARRIVE guideline and GSPC is relative low in researchers in animal experiments field in Lanzhou city, and it needed to take purposeful measures to promote and popularize them.
ObjectiveTo investigate and analyze the knowledge, skills and attitudes of clinical medical students and nursing students to patient safety before internship so as to provide evidence for implementation of patient safety curriculum in medical and nursing students. MethodsFive-year clinical medical undergraduates and nursing students before internship in the Wannan Medical College were recruited. The questionnaire method was performed to investigate the knowledge, attitudes and skills of patient safety. The data were input using EpiData 3.0 software and were analyzed by SPSS 13.0. ResultsA total of 771 questionnaires were distributed, of which 320 clinical medical students and 435 nursing students completed the survey. The results showed that, the totals of both kinds of students were low concerning the knowledge, attitudes and skills of patient safety; scores were significantly higher in nursing students than in clinical medical students concerning the items of "Knowledge about medical errors" (P=0.012), "Feelings about making errors" (P=0.000), "Feelings about making errors" (P=0.001), and "Personal attitudes to patient safety" (P=0.001). Scores of "Feelings about making errors" were significantly higher in female students than in male students. ConclusionBoth nursing students and clinical medical students lack the knowledge of patient safety before internship, and the latter lack more. More attention should be paid to the knowledge of patient safety for both clinical medical and nursing students.
Objective To investigate the situation and problems of medical evidence-based medicine （EBM） teaching in China. Methods One hundred and four participants from different hospitals or universities of China in 2005 “Evidence-Based Medicine Teachers Advanced Training Workshop Ⅱ of Ministry of Education” were investigated. A selfcomplete questionnaire on EBM teaching was given at the registration. Results Seventy five questionaires from responders who came from 50 medical institutions of 18 provinces and 25 cities were available for analysis, representing a response rate of 72%. The average age of responders were 38 years old, and 61.3% were graduates. And 14 hospitals or universities have given EBM courses. Namely, for the postgraduates in 9 universities, undergraduates in 2 universities, physicians, nurses and medical managers in 2 hospitals. The lectures lasted from 8 to 36 hours in different units. Di~culties were：lack of EBM teachers, and better understanding the concept and approach of EBM, less paid attention by policy makers, and too busy in specialty. Conclusion EBM teaching is blooming in medical universities in China. It is needed for us to train high qualified EBM teachers.
Objective To investigate the students’ satisfaction on teaching content, teaching staff, organizations etc. of the evidence-based medical postgraduate summer school, so as to provide references for further effective training. Methods A self-made questionnaire with cluster sampling was used to investigate the regular students who had participated in the whole course of the evidence-based medical postgraduate summer school, and the feedbacks were analyzed. Results The total number of the questionnaires was 112 and the number of the effective questionnaires was 101; the effective recovery rate was 90.2%. The students were from 32 universities and medical institutions involving 36 disciplines in 26 provinces. A total of 93.1% of the students were satisfied with the general training organization and management, but the satisfaction rates of the class environment and the time arrangement were only 51.5% and 58.4%, respectively. The satisfaction rates of the whole course setting and the teaching materials were 84.2% and 90.1%, respectively. The satisfaction rate of the teaching content of “the progress of the evidence-based medicine” was up to 93.0%. Over 93.1% of the students believed that the teachers were great in teaching skills, but only 73.3% of the students thought that the interaction between teachers and students was plenty. Conclusion This summer school has active students, a great effect and a high overall satisfaction rate. The summer school is beneficial to the cultivation of innovative postgraduates, construction of excellent teaching teams, development of evidence-based medicine discipline and building of The Network Center for Evidence-Based Medicine Education. The satisfaction rate of the summer school training can get promoted by increasing schooling investments, appropriately prolonging training time, setting different subjects in different semesters and enhancing the teaching interaction.
Objective To investigate infertile inpatients hospitalized in Pingjin Hospital in Tianjin from 2008 to 2010, so as to provide baseline data for further research. Methods According to diagnosis criteria of WHO, we collected demographical characteristics, disease cause and cost constitution of infertility inpatients hospitalized in Pingjin Hospital in Tianjin from 2008 to 2010. The data of each patient were input into ACCESS database and SPSS 13.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results a) From 2008 to 2010, there were 1 452 infertile patients from 33 different areas of mainland China, 79.7% of which was from the north of China. b) The mean age was 31.2±4.3 years old. The percentage of patients aged 30 to 34 years accounted for the most (40.3%). Mental laborers (23.3%) were more than physical laborers (7.2%). 36.7% of patients received education from universities and 83.1% of patients had family income ranging from 20,000 yuan to 190,000 yuan. c) The mean age of the first sexual activity was 21.4±2.9 years old. 53.7% of patients had only one sexual partner and most couples had sexual activities twice every week. The mean age of husbands was 32.9±5.5 years old with the highest percentage of 30 to 35 years old (39.2%). The percent of intellectual work of husband was the highest (35.9%). 64.9% of patients had normal semen analysis results and 23.0% never took related examination. d) 29.9% of patients was primary infertility and 70.1% was secondary infertility, of which 57.6% had either induced or medical abortion. The mean duration of infertility was 5.2±3.5 years (range 1 to 21 year). e) 76.3% of infertile patients had pelvic adhesion and 88.6% suffered from tubal disease. Among the tubal infertile patients, 23.6% had uterine disease, 5.2% had ovarian disease, 5.0% had endometriosis, 6.7% had multiple problems, and 4.8% had unexplained infertility. In patients with tubal infertility, the incidence of distal fimbria atresia (45.8%) was higher than that of proximal block (32.9%). 24.7% of patients with fimbria atresia had hydrosalpinx and among of them, 21.1% had no hydrosalpinx. 15.2% had congenital tubal defects. f) The average hospital stay was 10.5 days and the cost was 14 253.3 yuan per person. The percentage of material cost was 29.1% and that of drugs was 18.2%. Conclusion a) The total number of infertile inpatients was 1 452 in gynecology department of Pingjin Hospital of Tianjin from 2008 to 2010. 79.7% of patient was from North China. Most of them were 30 to 34 years old and 44.3% had no job. The percentage of patients had university education and that of low-middle family income was the highest. Sexual activity was relatively traditional. Most husbands were 30 to 35 years old and intellectual workers, and 23.0% of them had never taken an examination of semen analysis. More patients were secondary infertile, and the duration of infertility was 1 to 21 years. b) 76.3% of patients had pelvic adhesion and 88.6% had tubal disease. The incidence of distal tubal fimbria atresia was higher than proximal tubal occlusion. c) The average hospital stay was 10.5 days and the cost was 14 253.3 yuan per person which was further lower than each cycle cost of assisted reproductive technology. The overall costs included materials and drugs (47.3%), which were mainly at patients’ own expense.