Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticle (PELN) is a nanoscale vesicle secreted by plant cells, which has important biological functions. On the one hand, PELN can exert anti-osteoporosis (OP) effects by affecting the functions of osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. On the other hand, PELN can also inhibit inflammatory reactions, protect chondrocytes, and has potential value in treating osteoarthritis (OA). This article summarizes the basic concepts, formation and components, separation and characterization methods of PELN, and focuses on the intervention effect and molecular mechanism of PELN on OP and OA.
Objective To explore the correlation between multimorbidity and hip fractures in middle-aged and elderly populations. Methods The population without hip fractures in 2011 was selected in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study database. According to whether the research subjects experienced hip fractures between 2015 and 2020, they were divided into the hip fracture group and the non-hip fracture group. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to explore the correlation between multimorbidity and hip fracture occurrence. Results A total of 9644 subjects were included. Among them, there were 4406 males and 5238 females. There were 419 cases in the hip fracture group and 9225 cases in the non-hip fracture group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that diabetes, heart disease, arthritis and hearing impairment were independent risk factors for hip fracture. Compared to those without chronic diseases, individuals with ≥3 types of comorbidities among the 4 chronic diseases had a higher risk of hip fracture. Conclusions In the middle-aged and elderly population, diabetes, heart disease, arthritis and hearing impairment are chronic diseases associated with hip fracture. The higher the number of comorbidities of chronic diseases, the higher the risk of new hip fractures.