Objective To introduce the application of the scrotal flap on reconstructing partial urethra defect. Methods From March 1998 to August 2004, 31 patients with urethra defect were treated with scrotal flap. Their ages ranged from6 to 34 years. Thirty-one patients included 8 cases of congenital deformity of urethra and 23 cases of complication of urethral fistula, urethral stenosis and phallus bend after hypospadias repair. The flap widths were 1. 2. cm in child and 2.3. cm in adult. The flap lengthwas 1. -2.0 times as much as the width. Nine cases were classified as penile type, 10 cases as penoscrotal type, 7 cases as scrotal type(3 children in association withcleft scrotum) and -cases as perrineal type because of pseudohermaphroditism.Urethroplasty was given by scrotal fascia vascular net flap to reconstruct urethra defect. Results All the flaps survived, and the incision healed well. Twenty four cases achieved healing by first intention and 7 cases by second intention. And fistula occurred and healed after 2 weeks in 1 case. 27 cases were followed up 14 years, 2 cases had slight chordee, the others were satisfactivly. Conclusion Urethroplasty with scrotal fascia vascular net flap is an ideal method for the partial defect urethra.
Objective To investigate the effect of free anterolateral thigh adipofascial flap in correcting the hemifacial atrophy. Methods From January 1997 to May 2006, 35 patients suffering from hemifacial atrophy were corrected with microvascular anastomotic free anterolateral thigh adipofascial flap and other additional measures according to the symptoms of the deformities. There were 11 males and 24 females, aging 1547 years. The locations were left in 12cases and right in 23 cases. The course of disease was 4 to 28 years. Their hemifacial deformities were fairly severity. Their cheeks were depressed obviously. The X-ray films and threedimensinal CT showed the 28 patients’ skeletons were dysplasia. The size of adipofascial flap ranged from 8 cm×7 cm to 20 cm×11 cm. Donor sites weresutured directly. Results Recipient site wound of all patients healed by first intention. All adipofascial flaps survived. The donor sites healed well and no adiponecrosis occurred. Thirty-five cases were followed up for 6 months to 8 years. The faces of all patients were symmetry, and the satisfactory results were obtained. There were no donor site dysfunction. Conclusion The anterolateral thigh adipofascial flapprovides adequate tissue, easytosurvive, no important artery sacrificed and the donor scar ismore easily hidden. Combining with other auxiliary methods, it can be successfully used to correct the deformity of hemifacial atrophy.
Objective To investigate the cl inical outcome of a surgical strategy by soft tissue expansion in treating acquired auricular defect. Methods Between January 2007 and December 2009, 136 patients with acquired auricular defect were treated with a surgical strategy by putting autoallergic costal framework after soft tissue expansion. There were 93 males and 43 females, aged 8-60 years (median, 20 years). Defects were caused by burn in 82 cases, by trauma in 47 cases, and by bite in 7 cases. Defect involved in almost the whole auricle and earlobe in 50 patients, 2/3 superior part of auricle in 35 patients, 1/3 superior part of auricle in 31 patients, 1/3 middle part of auricle in 9 patients, and 1/3 inferior part of auricle and earlobe in 11 patients. Results All the flaps had good blood supply, skin grafts all survived, and all the wounds healed by first intention after operation. All patients were followed up 6-24 months with an average of 14 months. All reconstructive auricle survived with good color, soft texture, and normal sensory function; the appearance had no enlargement and attrition, and the grafted costal cartilage framework had no malacosis, absorption, and deformation. The reconstructed ear had the same position, size, shape, and oto-cranium angle as normal ear. The curative effect was good according to ZHUANG Hongxing’s evaluation standard of auricular reconstruction. Conclusion To reconstruct auricle by soft tissue expansion is an effective method. The position of putting expander and the number of expanders are different in different patients.
Considering the abundant vascular anastomotic networks in the deep fascia of the posterior calf, three kinds of distally based facial flap containing deep fascial vascular network were applied clinically. They were: 1. posterolateral distally based island fascial flap which could be used to repair the skin defect of heel, dorsum of foot and lateral-distal part of leg; 2. posteromedial distally based island fascial flap which could be used to repair the skin defect of heel, medial malleolus and medial-distal part of leg and 3. posterolateral malleolar distally based fascial flap which could be used to repair the skin defect of heel and lateral malleolus. Eighteen cases with soft tissue defects around the distal calf were treated, the area of skin defect ranged from 4 cm x 3 cm to 13 cm x 6 cm. All the flaps were survived completely after operation with an average of follow-up for 15 months (ranged from 6 months to 2 years). So the advantages of these flaps were as follows: the blood supply was reliable, preparation of the flap was easy and the major arteries of the calf needed not be sacrificed; the flap had a long and rotatable pedicle so that they would basically satisfy the need to repair skin defect of lower leg, dorsum of foot, heel and malleolus and the resistance of the flap to pressure and wear was better. However, the injury to the superficial sural nerve was the shortcoming.
Objective To investigate the application of transverse fascia in inguinal hernia repair. Methods In this study, 617 patients underwent inguinal hernia repair between January 1990 and December 2005 in our hospital were included, which were divided into two groups according to different operative ways: transverse fascia method group (n=337) and Bassini method group (n=280). Then intraoperative results, postoperative complications, and rehabilitated results of patients in two groups were compared. Results Compared with Bassini method group, the patients in transverse fascia method group did not show significant difference in operative time and blood loss during operation (Pgt;0.05). The differences of severe postoperative pain, testicular swelling, the time of the body’s restore for normal activities, and recurrence rate of patients between two groups were significant (Plt;0.05), while the difference of hematoma of scrotum and infection of incisional wound (Pgt;0.05). Conclusion The strengthening of posterior wall by transverse fascia and reconstruction of inner ring is a simple and effective method for inguinal hernia repair.
ObjectiveTo investigate the anatomy and function of pectoralis fascia in breast cancer operation, and the choice of resection and preservation of pectoralis fascia in different operation methods.MethodWe searched the articles related to pectoralis fascia and breast cancer through PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, WanFang Medical Network, SinoMed, and other databases, and then selected the Chinese and foreign articles that met the objective of this paper, and made an review after reading the articles.ResultsIn the immediate breast reconstruction of breast prosthesis after breast cancer operation, the preservation of pectoralis fascia was beneficial to the complete coverage of breast prosthesis and improved the cosmetic effect after operation. The purpose of preserving pectoralis fascia adipose tissue in breast-conserving surgery was to reduce the loss of breast volume and to pursue the cosmetic effect after operation. At present, there had been reports on the safety of pectoralis fascia oncology, but there was no final conclusion on the safe distance between tumor and pectoralis fascia, and the current research could not provide sufficient evidence for the preservation of pectoralis fascia.ConclusionsThe question of whether the pectoralis fascia needs to be removed in breast cancer surgery is still controversial. The preservation of pectoralis fascia is more for better immediate breast reconstruction after operation. However, the current evidence of evidence-based medicine is not sufficient. Clinicians need to conduct multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trials to improve the evidence.
Objective To evaluate the reliability and effectiveness of a deep circumflex iliac artery based iliac-internal oblique musculofascial chimeric flap (DCIA-IIOF) in reconstruction of complex oromandibular defect. Methods Between January 2010 and December 2015, DCIA-IIOFs were used to repair complex oromandibular defects in 11 patients. There were 8 males and 3 females, with an age of 27-75 years (median, 56 years). Original disease was lower gingival squamous cell carcinoma in 7 cases (T3N1M0 in 2 cases, T3N2M0 in 1 case, T4N0M0 in 2 cases, and T4N2M0 in 2 cases), osteoradionecrosis after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in 2 cases, central mandibular squamous cell carcinoma in 1 case (T4N0M0), and mandibular malignant fibrous histiocytoma in 1 case. The length of mandibular bone defects ranged from 7 to 10 cm (mean, 8 cm), and the area of the mucosal defects ranged from 5 cm×3 cm to 7 cm×4 cm. Preoperative ultrasonic identification of the DCIA and its ascending branch was routinely performed. The DCIA-IIOF was harvested by using an anterograde dissection technique, of which the iliac island was used for segmental mandibular defect repair and the musculofascial island for soft tissue and mucosal defect repair. Results All 11 cases were followed up 15-75 months (median, 37 months). All flaps survived after operation, without necrosis of both iliac island and oblique internal musculofascial island. One patient had a mild submandibular infection which healed after wound drainage and intravenous antibiotics. At 1 month after operation, the color and texture of the musculofascial island were similar to oral mucosa without contracture, and the occluding relation was good for all patients. At 6 months after operation, the mouth opening hardly improved in 2 patients who had osteoradionecrosis; 1 patient who underwent postoperative radiotherapy had restriction of mouth opening; the remaining 8 patients had normal month opening and normal diet. Three patients died of cancer recurrence, 2 patients died of other diseases (encephalorrhagia in 1 case and myocardial infarction in 1 case), and the others survived without recurrence during follow-up. No patient developed abdominal hernia during follow-up. Conclusion DCIA-IIOF is a reliable flap in reconstruction of complex oromandibular defects. The occluding relation after operation is good and the mucosal lining is soft. This technique provides an effective option for moderate complex oromandibular defects repair.
ObjectiveTo investigate the progress and controversy of membrane anatomy theory in laparoscopic surgery for mid-low rectal cancer. MethodThe literature related to membrane anatomy theory in recent years was reviewed and summarized. ResultsThe membrane anatomy theory not only improved the effect of total mesorectal excision, ensured the integrity of the mesorectum, more standardized the operation and principles of rectal cancer surgery, but also provided the operator with a broad vision and clear anatomical hierarchy. The theory of membrane anatomy had important clinical significance for tumor radical resection, organ resection and functional protection. However, this theory had not been unified, and the establishment of membrane plane and the choice of surgical plane were still needed to be studied and explored. ConclusionAt present, scholars at home still regard the theory of membrane anatomy as the theoretical support and reference basis for the endoscopic treatment of mid-low rectal cancer, which can provide surgeons with new treatment prospects and research direction, and improve the survival expectancy and quality of life of patients with intestinal cancer in the future.
Objective To discuss the effects of the temporoparietal fascial flap and the postauricular fascial flap as the materials to cover the postauricular-frame during the second stage operation of the total auricular reconstruction Methods From June 2005 to May 2007, the second stage elevation of the reconstructed auricle was performed at 6-10 months after the first stage total auricular reconstruction for 72 cases (left 31, right 41), 47 males and 25 females, aged 5-28 years old (12on average). According to the Nagata’s classification, 56 cases were lobule-type microtia with no external auditory canal, and the other 16 cases were concha-type microtia with external auditory canal (narrow in 9 cases). Homolateral temporoparietal fascial flap was used to cover the postauricular-frame in 29 patients (group A), and the homolateral postauricular fascial flap was used in the other 43 patients (group B). Results All the patients were followed up for 3-22 months. A total of 55 cases had excellent skin flap and fascial flap (22 in group A and 33 in group B). Darker epidermis could be seen in 15 cases (6 in group A and 9 in group B), and it healed within one month after the operation. Two cases (1 in group A and 1 in group B) suffering from partial grafted skin and fascial flap necrosis (lt; 1 cm2) healed by means of coverage of local flap transfer. All the patients’ reconstructed auriculocephal ic angles were close to the normal side. There existed scars of varying degrees at the area of skin graft in both groups: 47 cases had flat scars (19 in group A and 28 in group B); 18 cases had hyperplastic scars (7 in group A and 11 in group B); and 7 cases had severe scars with the auriculocephal ic angles draw-off (3 in group A and 4 in group B). Furthermore, there were obvious scars in temporal region and severe hair thinning at the donor site in group A, but there were no such conditions in group B. At 6 months of follow-up, reduction of the auriculocephal ic angle occurred in 3 cases of group A and obvious in 5 cases of group B (gt; 0.5 cm). Conclusion Both the temporoparietal fascial flap and the postauricular fascial flap can be appl ied to cover the postauricular-framework in the second stage reconstructed ear elevation, with superiority of the latter over the former.
Objective To explore the application value of infrared thermography in the design and harvesting of ultrathin anterolateral thigh perforator flaps. Methods Between June 2024 and December 2024, 9 cases of ultrathin anterolateral thigh perforator flaps were designed and harvested with the assistance of infrared thermography. There were 7 males and 2 females, aged 21-61 years (mean, 39.8 years). The body mass index ranged from 19.49 to 26.45 kg/m² (mean, 23.85 kg/m²). Causes of injury included 5 cases of traffic accident injuries and 4 cases of machine crush injuries. There were 3 cases of leg wounds, 2 cases of foot wounds, and 4 cases of hand wounds. After debridement, the size of wound ranged from 7 cm×4 cm to 13 cm×11 cm. The time from admission to flap repair surgery was 5-12 days (mean, 7 days). Preoperatively, perforator localization was performed using a traditional Doppler flow detector and infrared thermography, respectively. The results were compared with the actual intraoperative locations; a discrepancy ≤10 mm was considered as consistent localization (positive), and the positive predictive value was calculated. All 9 cases were repaired with ultrathin anterolateral thigh perforator flaps designed and harvested based on thermographic images. The size of flap ranged from 8 cm×5 cm to 14 cm×8 cm, with a thickness of 3-6 mm (mean, 5.2 mm). One donor site was repaired with a full-thickness skin graft, and the others were sutured directly. Postoperatively, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, and anti-vascular spasm treatments were administered, and follow-up was conducted. ResultsThe Doppler flow detector identified 22 perforating vessels within the set range, among which 16 were confirmed as superficial fascia layer perforators intraoperatively, with a positive predictive value of 72.7%. The infrared thermograph detected 23 superficial fascia layer perforating vessels, and 21 were verified intraoperatively, with a positive predictive value of 91.3%. There was no significant difference between the two methods [OR (95%CI)=3.93 (0.70, 22.15), P=0.100]. The perforator localization time of the infrared thermograph was (5.1±1.3) minutes, which was significantly shorter than that of the Doppler flow detector [(10.1±2.6) minutes; MD (95%CI)=–5.00 (–7.08, –2.91), P<0.001]. Postoperatively, 1 case of distal flap necrosis healed after dressing change; all other flaps survived successfully. The skin grafts at donor site survived, and all incisions healed by first intention. All patients were followed up 3-6 months (mean, 4.7 months). No pain or other discomfort occurred at the donor or recipient sites. All patients with foot wounds could walk with shoes, and no secondary flap revision was required. Flaps in 3 hand wound cases, 2 foot wound cases, and 3 leg wound cases recovered light touch and pressure sensation, but not pain or temperature sensation; the remaining 2 cases had no sensory recovery.ConclusionPreoperative localization using infrared thermography for repairing ultrathin anterolateral thigh perforator flaps can help evaluate the blood supply status of perforators, reduce complications, and improve surgical safety and flap survival rate.