Calculation of linear parameters, such as time-domain and frequency-domain analysis of heart rate variability (HRV), is a conventional method for assessment of autonomic nervous system activity. Nonlinear phenomena are certainly involved in the genesis of HRV. In a seemingly random signal the Poincaré plot can easily demonstrate whether there is an underlying determinism in the signal. Linear and nonlinear analysis methods were applied in the computer words inputting experiments in this study for physiological measurement. This study therefore demonstrated that Poincaré plot was a simple but powerful graphical tool to describe the dynamics of a system.
Objective To observe the changes of visual pathway of central nervous system in patients with glaucoma.Methods Thirty-five subjects were enrolled in this prospective study. There were seven patients of chronic primary angle closure glaucoma with bilateral visual field defects, 12 patients of primary open angle glaucoma with bilateral visual field defects, and 16 normal subjects. GE Signa HD 1.5 T magnetic resonance scanners and head eight phased array were used. The mean fractional anisotropy (FA) and the mean average diffusion coefficient (DCavg) of white matter tracts in visual pathway of bilateral optic nerve, optic chiasma, bilateral optic tract，bilateral optic radiation were measured by diffusion tensor imaging, meanwhile the white matter tracts were reconstructed by fiber tracking system. The volumes of lateral geniculate body were measured by coronal proton density weighted magnetic resonance imaging.Results The differences of FA among bilateral optic nerve, optic chiasma, bilateral optic tract，bilateral optic radiation were statistically significant (F=25.985，20.626，12.262，22.399，21.708，24.994，22.774；P＜0.05). There was no difference of DCavg among bilateral optic nerve, optic chiasma, bilateral optic tract，bilateral optic radiation（F=2.097，2.178，0.530，0.983，0.608, 0.866, 1.504；P＞0.05）. The differences of volume of lateral geniculate body among three groups were statistically significant （F=18.631，17.274；P＜0.05）. Conclusion There is degeneration in visual pathway of central nervous system in patients with glaucoma.
In recent years, due to the emergence of ultrafast ultrasound imaging technology, the sensitivity of detecting slow and micro blood flow with ultrasound has been dramatically improved, and functional ultrasound imaging (fUSI) has been developed. fUSI is a novel technology for neurological imaging that utilizes neurovascular coupling to detect the functional activity of the central nervous system (CNS) with high spatiotemporal resolution and high sensitivity, which is dynamic, non-invasive or minimally invasive. fUSI fills the gap between functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and optical imaging with its high accessibility and portability. Moreover, it is compatible with electrophysiological recording and optogenetics. In this paper, we review the developments of fUSI and its applications in neuroimaging. To date, fUSI has been used in various animals ranging from mice to non-human primates, as well as in clinical surgeries and bedside functional brain imaging of neonates. In conclusion, fUSI has great potential in neuroscience research and is expected to become an important tool for neuroscientists, pathologists and pharmacologists.
ObjectiveTo explore the expression of growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43) in spasm segment and expansion segment of hirschsprung disease (HD), and to explore the pathogenesis of HD. MethodsThe expression of GAP-43 in 30 patients with HD who underwent surgical resection for absence of enteric plexuses from Jan. 2012 to Jun. 2013 in Shen zhen Children's Hospital were analyzed by using immunohistochemistry method and real-time PCR method. Aganglionic tissues of all patients were included as spasm group, and ganglionic tissues of the same patients were served as expansion group. Then comparison of the expression levels of GAP-43 mRNA and its protein between 2 groups was performed. Resultsof real-time RCR showed that the expression level of GAP-43 mRNA in expansion group was higher than that of spasm group (0.119 0 vs. 0.052 8, P<0.05). Immunohistochemistry results showed that GAP-43 protein expressed both in the myenteric plexus and ganglionic plexus of submucos in all patients, but lighter in spasm group. Compared with ganglionic plexus of circular muscle layer and longitudinal muscle layer/ganglionic plexus of submucosa in expansion group, the average optical density values at corresponding sites of intestinal tissues in spasm group were both lower (P<0.05). ConclusionExpression of GAP-43 protein is lower in spastic intestinal tissue of patients with HD, which suggests that down-regulation of GAP-43 protein may be a risk factor for HD.
Objective To analyze the therapeutic effect of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) transplantation for central nervous system diseases. Methods Between November 2001 and January 2008, 1 255 participants with central nervous system diseases were enrolled in this cl inical study for fetal OECs transplantation. There were 928 males and 327 femalesaged 1.2-87 (mean 40) years. The course of disease was (4.52 ± 4.67) years. Among them, 656 participants suffered from chronic spinal cord injury (SCI), 457 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 68 cerebral palsy (CP), 20 multiple sclerosis (MS), 11 the sequelae of stoke, 10 ataxia, and 33 residual diseases. The participants came from 71 countries or regions. Accidentally abortional fetal olfactory bulbs were donated voluntarily and were cultured for 2 weeks, then were transplanted. Results One thousand one hundred and twenty-eight cases were followed up for 2-8 weeks (mean 4 weeks) to obtain integrated data. Among them, the neurological functional amel ioration was noticed in 994 participants with the overall short-term improvement rate of 88.12%. Seventy-six patients experienced the various perioperative compl ications with the incidence rate of 6.74%. One hundred and twenty patients with SCI received over 1 year follow-up. And according to ASIA assessment, motor scores increased from (39.82 ± 20.25) to (44.55 ± 18.99) points, l ight touch scores from (51.56 ± 25.89) to (59.81 ± 27.72) points, pain scores from (50.36 ± 27.44) to (57.09 ± 28.51) points for foreign patients (P lt; 0.05); motor scores increased from (40.52 ± 20.80) to (46.45 ± 20.35) points, l ight touch scores from (55.64 ± 26.32) to (68.64 ± 25.89) points, pain scores from (57.05 ± 26.00) to (66.13 ± 24.29) points for good rehabil itation Chinese patients (overall P lt; 0.05); motor scores from (37.03 ± 18.52) to (38.03 ± 18.50 points (P lt;0.05), l ight touch scores from (45.88 ± 22.56) to (46.63 ± 23.09) points (P gt; 0.05), pain scores from (45.25 ± 23.68) to (45.28 ± 23.63) points (P gt; 0.05) for poor rehabil itation Chinese patients. Compared foreign patients and good rehabil itation Chinese patients with poor rehabil itation Chinese patients, difference in score change was remarkable (P lt; 0.05). One hundred and six cases of ALS, 32 CP, 8 MS, 7 ataxia, and 2 stroke sequelae were followed up for 3-48, 3-36, 2-20, 7-17, 6 and 24 months, One hundred and six cases of respectively. Majority of them (113/155, 72.9%）were benefited from OECs transplantation. Conclusion OECs transplantation into brain and spinal cord is feasible and safe . The therapeutic strategy is valuable treatment for such central nervous system diseases such as chronic SCI, ALS, CP and stroke sequelae and can improve the patients’ neurological functions and/or decrease the progressive deterioration.
ObjectiveTo review the clinical records of patients with central nervous system (CNS) embryonal tumors, not otherwise specified (NOS); and summarize their clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment.MethodWe reviewed the data of patients with intracranial tumors admitted to Department of Neurosurgery of West China Hospital, Sichuan University from January 2014 to December 2016, and retrospectively analyzed the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of seven patients with CNS embryonal tumors, NOS.ResultsThere were 4 males and 3 females, and the mean age was 25.4 years old. The tumor was located in cerebral hemisphere in 5 patients, and in third ventricle in 2. Clinical presentation included headache, nausea, and vomiting due to intracranial hypertension, and focal neurological signs. All patients underwent craniotomy for tumor resection and postoperative pathology confirmed CNS embryonal tumor, NOS. The patients were followed up for 6 months to 3 years, and 2 patients died during follow-up.ConclusionsCNS embryonal tumor, NOS is malignant intracranial lesion, and has been enlisted as a separate entity under classification of CNS embryonal tumors. It has its unique radiological features, including rare occurrence of perilesional edema, cystic changes, and clear demarcation. Through comprehensive treatment including surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, patients can enjoy prolonged survival and improved quality of life.
Objective To review the progress of the research on therelationship between the central nervous system injury and the heterotopic ossification. Methods The recent articles on the central nervous system injury and the heterotopic ossification were extensively reviewed, and the related clinical signs, symptoms, pathogenesis diagnosis, risk factors, prophylaxis, and treatment of the neurogenic heterotopic ossification were investigated. Results The possible mechanism for the neurogenic heterotopic ossification might involve the roles of thebone morphogenetic protein and the basic fibroblast growth factor, which were suggested as mediators in differentiation of the progenitor cells. Sonographic, serum creatine phosphokinase, and C-reactive protein were recommended as the useful screening tools for heterotopic ossification. Colchicine and rofecoxib could be used for the prophylaxis or treatment of heterotopic ossification. Conclusion The research on the neurogenic heterotopic ossification has achieved a great development but further studies in this field are still required.
Objective〓〖WTBZ〗To observe the clinical features of autoimmune optic neuropathy (AON). 〖WTHZ〗Methods〓 〖WTBZ〗The clinical data of 58 patients with AON from Jan. 2006 to Dec. 2007 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients had undergone routine ophthalmological, neurological examination, visual field test, all set of autoimmune antibody test, brain MRI. 〖WTHZ〗Results〓〖WTBZ〗In 93 eyes of 58 patients with AON, the lowest best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was lt;01 in 68 eyes (731%), 10 patients (172%) had other symptoms of nervous system, 14 patients (241%) had lesions of nonneurological system. Positive antinuclear antibody was found in 43 patients (796%); other abnormal antibodies were also found, including antiSSA/SSB, antidsDNA, antihistonic, anticardiolipin, and antihuman leukocyte antigen B27 antibodies. Systematic connective tissue disease presented in 20 patients (345%), such as sicca syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Behcet disease. 32 patients (552%) had abnormal brain MRI, and the BCVA of 49 eyes (777%) improved significantly after hospitalization. 〖WTHZ〗Conclusion〓〖WTBZ〗Patients with AON always have poor visual function, some of whom associate with other systems, as well as damages to other parts of the nervous system. While some AON patients are secondary to systemic connective tissue disease involving the optic nerve, the majority of these patients are isolated autoimmune optic neuropathy.
ObjectiveTo summarize the current research progress on the changes of enteric glial cells (EGCs) in intestinal motility disorders and its possible molecular mechanisms in regulating intestinal motility.MethodThe literatures related to the EGCs and intestinal dysmotility were collected and analyzed.ResultsThe EGCs were involved in the occurrence and development of intestinal motility disorders, and there were abnormalities in the quantity, receptor, and phenotype in the different dysmotility diseases such as the postoperative ileus, Hirschsprung disease, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes and so on. It could sense the neuronal signals and communicate with the enteric neurons via Ca2+ response and connexin-43 to affect the intestinal motility.ConclusionStudy of role and mechanism of EGCs in intestinal motor dysfunction is helpful to discovery new targets for treatment of these diseases.
ObjectiveTo observe and analyze the clinical characteristics and correlation between the eye and nervous system in children with infantile gangliosideosis.MethodsFrom November 2018 to January 2021, 3 children with infantile ganglion lipidosis diagnosed by genetic examination in the Department of Ophthalmology and Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital of Capital Medical University, and through China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang database and The National Library of Medicine of the United States (PubMed) were searched, and 53 cases of Chinese infantile gangliosideosis diagnosed by gene, enzyme activity or pathological examination were selected and a total of 56 cases were included in the study. The searching time was from the establishment of the database to February 2021, and the search keywords are "gangliosideosis", "cherry-spot" macula and "Chinese". The demographic characteristics of 56 cases of children and other system manifestations were analyzed such as eyes, nervous system, skin, bones. According to the presence or absence of cherry-spot (CS) on the fundus examination, the children were divided into a fundus CS group (group A) and a fundus without CS group (group B), with 20 and 27 cases, respectively. The age of onset, gender, different types and neurological manifestations of the two groups of children were compared and analyzed. The non-parametric rank sum test was used for age comparison between groups; the χ2 test or Fisher's exact test were used for the comparison of gender, disease type and incidence between groups.ResultsAmong the 56 children, 27 were males and 29 were females; the median age of onset was 7.0 months. There were 33 and 23 cases of GM1 and GM2, respectively. Among 44 children with visual function examination records, 41 cases (93.2%, 41/44) were unable to follow the visual object. Of 47 children who underwent ocular fundus examination, 20 cases (42.6%, 20/47) had CS on the fundus. The main manifestations of the nervous system are neuromotor development regression or retardation (100%, 56/56), convulsions (58.1%, 25/43), and "startle" phenomena (89.7%, 26/29). Among 42 patients with brain magnetic resonance imaging examination records, 39 cases (92.9%) were abnormal. The incidence of "startle" and seizures in group A was higher than that in group B, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=5.815, 6.182, P=0.021, 0.013).Conclusios Chinese infantile gangliosideosis is more common in GM1 type. Ocular visual impairment is the visual object as the main manifestation, the incidence of fundus CS is 42.6%, and the symptoms of neurological damage in children with CS are more severe.